Distribution and Forms of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Iron, and Manganese in Soils Near a Copper Smelter1

Assessment and bioremediation of heavy metals from crude oil contaminated soil by earthworms

“…Several factors may be responsible for the uptake of metals from contaminated soil such as the soil properties, metal form and speciation and the origin of the metals into soil. The chemical form (species) in which a metal is found in the receiving environmental system may render it more bioavailable (D'Amore et al, 2005) and heavy metals from anthropogenic sources tend to be more mobile and bioavailable than metal from pedogenic, or lithogenic sources (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011;Kuo et al, 1983;Kaasalainen and Yli-Halla, 2003). Assessment of the properties of the soil used for this study indicated that sand constituted the highest (96) percentage followed by silt (3) and clay (1), hence the soil can be referred to as sandy soil.…”

Fractionation of copper and manganese in agricultural soils near an abandoned copper mine

“…There are reports on the contamination of soils with Cu associated with the atmospheric fallout from ore smelters (Kuo et al 1983;Mench et al 1994) and by sedimentation of particulate materials in the aquatic system near a pyrite mine (Ramos 1994), as well as by the utilization of Cu-containing agricultural materials such as fungicides (Thrupp and Berkeley 1991;Iwasaki and Sakurai 1996) and sewage sludges (Baker 1990). In Japan, the Cu contamination of paddy fields was a serious problem in several localities due to irrigation with river water polluted by the drainage from mines.…”

Fractionation of zinc in greenhouse soils

“…Murthy (1982), and Mandal and Mandal (1986) reported that Zn in soluble organic complexes in lowland rice soils was important for maintaining Zn nutrition. Kuo et al (1983) determined the forms of heavy metals in the soils near a copper smelter and showed that 30 to 60% of total Cd occurred in an exchangeable form while Cu, Zn, and Mn were more strongly associated with amorphous Fe oxides. Shuman and Hargrove (1985) examined the influence of tillage on the distribution of Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the surface soils and pointed out that in the absence of tillage Mn and Fe were converted from the oxide and residual forms into exchangeable or organic forms more available to plants.…”