Distribution and nature of bound (nonextractable) residues of atrazine in a mineral soil nine years after the herbicide application

Capriel, P.; Haisch, A.; Khan, Shahamat U.

doi:10.1021/jf00064a004

Cited by 126 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The environmental behavior of atrazine by addition of organic amendments, like plant residues, or its mineralization during bioremediation, field application and agricultural use has been studied intensively (Alvey and Crowley, 1995;Barriuso and Houot, 1996;Silva et al, 2004). A number of studies have observed a so-called "bound residue" fraction of atrazine in soil (Capriel et al, 1985;Schiavon, 1988;Barriuso et al, 1991;Loiseau and Barriuso, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though atrazine forms soil-bound interfaces it is still unclear whether these bound residues are bioavailable or represent a potential risk for future groundwater contamination. Since atrazine was found in bound forms nine years after its application (Capriel et al, 1985), it can be assumed that this chemical compound is not excluded from environmental interaction even after long-term aging under outdoor conditions. Pignatello et al (1993) suggested that changing environmental dry-wet cycles may cause pulse inputs from resistant herbicide pools to subsurface layers, which might become crucial under changing environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Jablonowski

Köppchen

Hofmann³

et al. 2009

Environmental Pollution

103

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Twenty-two years after the last application of ring-14 C-labeled atrazine at customary rate (1.7 kg ha −1 ) on an agriculturally used outdoor lysimeter, atrazine is still detectable by means of accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. Extractions of the 0-10 cm soil layer yielded 60% of the residual 14 C-activity. The extracts contained atrazine (1.0 µg kg −1 ) and 2-hydroxy-atrazine (42.5 µg kg −1 ). Extractions of the material of the lowest layer 55-60 cm consisting of fine gravel yielded 93% of residual 14 C-activity, of which 3.4 µg kg −1 was detected as atrazine and 17.7 µg kg −1 was 2-hydroxy-atrazine. The detection of atrazine in the lowest layer was of almost four times higher mass than in the upper soil layer. These 1 findings highlight the fact that atrazine is unexpectedly persistent in soil.The overall persistence of atrazine in the environment might represent a potential risk for successive groundwater contamination by leaching even after 22 years of environmental exposure.Keywords: atrazine, persistence, leaching, extraction, LC-MS/MS, halflife, bound residues. Capsule:Atrazine and its metabolite 2-hydroxy-atrazine are still present in soil after long-term aging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Jablonowski

Köppchen

Hofmann³

et al. 2009

Environmental Pollution

103

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“…However, undegraded atrazine residues remain in the soil for quite a long time due to the poor chemical reactivity of atrazine (Capriel et al, 1985), and from the soil they can reach waters and watering systems. Atrazine was also detected in maize (Norris and Fong, 1983), one of the constituents of the gilts feed mix.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Disturbance Caused by an S-Triazine Herbicide in Pigs

Gojmerac

Uremović

et al. 1999

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The aim of the study was to assess the effect of subacute treatment with a low dose of atrazine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl), an s-triazine herbicide, on endocrine oestrus regulation in gilts. A group of nine gilts (F generation of Swedish Landrace × Large Yorkshire) were treated with 1 mg atrazine/kg body mass daily, mixed to the feed for 19 days before the onset of expected oestrus. Blood samples were obtained by cranial vena cava puncture three times daily at 3-h intervals on five post-treatment days, i.e. before and during oestrus. The serum concentration of oestradiol-17> (E ) was determined by the fluoroimmunochemical method. On Day 2 before the onset of expected oestrus, a significantly lower (P < 0.001) E concentration was measured in the serum of treated gilts (31.25 ± 1.95 and 39.32 ± 1.38 pg/mL) than in the control pigs (51.43 ± 1.29 and 68.59 ± 2.99 pg/mL). In contrast, the E concentration measured in the serum of treated animals was significantly higher (P < 0.001) on the day of the expected onset of oestrus and on the subsequent two days (35.43 ± 1.85, 53.92 ± 1.98 and 60.32 ± 2.35 pg/mL, respectively) than in the control animals (13.52 ± 1.79, 21.53 ± 1.35 and 20.05 ± 1.46 pg/mL, respectively). Insufficient serum E concentration of the treated gilts resulted in a failure of expected oestrus, as indicated also by the state of dioestrus demonstrated by histopathological examination of the uterus.

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“…Bound residues are associated with humic and clay fractions of the soil [24,25]. Apparently, when microbial activity creates anaerobic conditions, some bound atrazine is released.…”

Section: Fe and Mnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox effects on resin extraction of herbicides from soil1

Olness

Basta

Rinke

2002

Talanta

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Relative soil aeration affects the surfaces upon which pesticides adsorb and non-ionic resins offer a means of observing and evaluating this factor. A non-ionic resin extractor, developed for pesticide extraction under reducing conditions, was used to adsorb a fraction of the reversibly adsorbed (active portion) herbicides. The extractor consists of cleaned XAD-2 resin encased in a dialysis membrane composed of regenerated cellulose. Anaerobiosis was achieved by incubating soil suspensions with glucose under a 95% N 2 -5% H 2 environment until the redox potential reached − 150 mV. Nine soils with a range of physical and chemical characteristics were examined for atrazine, metribuzin, and alachlor content. Amounts of atrazine, metribuzin, and alachlor extracted from soil ranged to 100, 140, and 75 ng g − 1 , respectively. Resin extractions (RE) conducted under aerobic conditions recovered about 25-50% of the pesticide extractable with conventional solid phase solvent extraction at 60°C (SPE 60 ). Under anaerobic conditions, equal amounts of atrazine were extracted with RE and SPE 60 . Slightly less metribuzin was recovered under anaerobic extraction with the exception of those soils lacking detectable amounts by SPE 60 . Larger amounts of alachlor were extracted with resins under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions but the amounts were not correlated with those determined by SPE 60 . Large amounts of soil organic matter were solublized under anaerobiosis and smaller molecular weight material was extracted with the herbicides. The nature and amounts of co-extracted organic matter varied among soils. RE directly from soil suspensions enabled simultaneous determination of all three herbicides.

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Distribution and nature of bound (nonextractable) residues of atrazine in a mineral soil nine years after the herbicide application

Cited by 126 publications

References 12 publications

Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Reproductive Disturbance Caused by an S-Triazine Herbicide in Pigs

Redox effects on resin extraction of herbicides from soil1

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