Distribution and retention of fluorocarbon in mice and dogs after injection or liquid ventilation

Modell, Jack G.; Tham, Min K.; Modell, Jerome H.; Calderwood, Hugh W.; Ruiz, Bruce C.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(73)90088-4

Cited by 45 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The biodistribution of PFC to other organs is a function of tissue perfusion, tissue-blood partition coefficients, lipid concentration and compartmental volume [54,56]. In the current studies, the concentration of PFC was both time-and tissue-dependent; tissue levels of PFC increased from 24 to 72 h. Additionally, the PFC concentrations correlated with the tissue-specific lipid concentrations ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Long-Term Tidal Liquid Ventilation in Premature Lambs: Physiologic, Biochemical and Histological Correlates

Cox¹,

Stavis²,

Wolfson³

et al. 2003

Neonatology

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Chronic lung disease in infants continues to be problematic. Tidal liquid ventilation (TLV) improves lung mechanics and provides effective gas exchange. We hypothesized that premature lambs could be supported safely with TLV and evaluated 9 preterm lambs (132 days gestation) on TLV up to 72 h. Results (mean ± SEM): pH 7.36 ± 0.003, Pa_CO2 44 ± 0.34 mm Hg, Pa_O2 170 ± 4.8 mm Hg, compliance = 1.65 ± 0.24 ml/cm H₂O/kg, mean arterial blood pressure = 53 ± 0.08 mm Hg, heart rate = 189 ± 1.5 bpm. Blood perflubron levels were 6.0 ± 0.24 µg/ml over 24 h. Tissue perflubron levels increased from 81 ± 7.0 µg/g at 24 h to 108 ± 15 µg/g at 72 h (p < 0.05). There was a difference in perflubron concentrations as a function of tissue (p < 0.001) that correlated to lipid levels (r² = 0.93, p < 0.01). These data demonstrate that TLV is both safe and effective up to 72 h in premature lambs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Long-Term Tidal Liquid Ventilation in Premature Lambs: Physiologic, Biochemical and Histological Correlates

Cox¹,

Stavis²,

Wolfson³

et al. 2003

Neonatology

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“…The effect of fluorocarbon liquid ventilation on pulmonary gas exchange (10,17), surfaceactive properties (15), function (10,21,24,27), and structure (19) has been studied previously. In addition, in order to pave the way for clinical applications, long term experiments have been conducted looking for residual fluorocarbon as well as morphologic, biochemical, and/or histologic evidence of toxicity after ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid (I I, 16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Gaseous Exchange and Acid-Base Balance in Premature Lambs during Liquid Ventilation since Birth

et al. 1976

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Extractnot only difficult to ventilate, but also hard to k e e~ alive. TheNine distressed premature lambs were studied before, during, and after ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid . It was found that premature lambs, delivered by cesarean section, could be adequately ventilated with oxygenated liquid for periods up to 3 hr. Using fluarocarbon liquid in conjunction with the described liquid breathing system, it was possible to maintain remarkably good pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base balance during normothermic conditions. In addition. ~e a k intratracheal Dressures measured during recovery from li&id ventilation wer; significantly reduced ( P < 0.001) as compared with preliquid ventilation values.This improvement in lung function is in direct contrast to the deterioration in that of the adult animal following liquid ventilation as reported previously. SpeculationAlthough an enormous amount of studies remain to be performed, at this time it is appealing to speculate about the possibilities of this therapeutic modality in the preterm human neonate with respiratory distress. We cannot help but think that this method of therapy serves a twofold purpose: ( 1 ) maintenance of infants with lungs too stiff to ventilate with gas, and (2) a treatment for reducing surface-active forces in infants with marginal lung stability.Liquid ventilation in mammalian species has been studied by various intestigators since 1958 (12). More recently, fluorocarbon liquids capable of dissolving larger volumes of respiratory gases at atmospheric pressure (3,10,14,17,22,24) were recognized as useful media for conducting oxygen-carbon dioxide transport studies. In particular, one of these liquids, FX-80, has been successfully emplqyed to ventilate the lungs of various adult species for periods of up to 8 hr (14). The effect of fluorocarbon liquid ventilation on pulmonary gas exchange (10, 17), surfaceactive properties (15), function (10,21,24,27), and structure (19) has been studied previously. In addition, in order to pave the way for clinical applications, long term experiments have been conducted looking for residual fluorocarbon as well as morphologic, biochemical, and/or histologic evidence of toxicity after ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid (I I, 16).The premature lamb has been employed by,various investigators as a model for studying many physiologic functions related to the human newborn (4,5,18,28). Measurements of pulmonary mechanics and acid-base balance in this animal (26) during the first few hours of life indicate decreased lung compliance, increased respiratory rate, vascular shunting, and increased work of breathing similar to the preterm human neonate with respiratory distress (I). Because of pulmonary immaturity, these animals were purposi of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of liquid ventilation as a therapeutic method In this animal model. Pulmonary gas exchange, acid-base balance, and inflation pressures were measured in these animals during the first few hours of life (a critical t...

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“…One might question whether this form of ventilation mav have a long-term deleterious effect on the developing newbornHlung, but Ge cannot directly address these issues. It is noteworthy that long-term experiments in adult dogs (6,8,11) indicated scant morphologic, biochemical, and/or histologic evidence of toxicity after ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid. ' FRC, functional residual capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiopulmonary Function in Very Preterm Lambs during Liquid Ventilation

et al. 1983

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SummaryCardiopulmonary function was evaluated in very preterm lambs (106 + 0.7 S.E. days gestation, 1.66 -+ 0.12 S.E. kg birth weight) during fluorocarbon ventilation. Lambs were delivered by cesarean section after epidural anesthesia. Indwelling arterial, venous, and tracheal cannulae were placed before clamping the cord. Lambs were then mechanically ventilated with oxygenated fluorocarbon for approximately 2 h. During this period it was possible to maintain adequate gas exchange and stable cardiac function. Transpulmonary pressure, liquid flow, and tidal volume tracings enabled determination of lung compliance, CL = 0.58 + 0.12 S.E. ml*cmHzO-' kg-', inspiratory resistance, RI = 3600 + 604 S.E. ~mHZO*liter-~*sec-', and expiratory resistance, RE = 4034 + 2183 S.E. cmH20/liter/sec. Lung compliance of the 106-day-old fluorocarbon-filled lung is similar to the more mature 138-143-day-old air-filled lung in preterm lambs. Based on the data presented herein we have extended the viability of the preterm lamb to the limit of pulmonary capillary development rather than that of the pulmonary surfactant system. AbbreviationsA-a DO2, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient CL, lung compliance FRC, functional residual capacity RE, expiratory resistance RI, inspiratory resistance VT, tidal volumeThe lamb has been employed extensively for studying cardiopulmonary development in the perinatal period (1,2,3,12,18,21). But there are few data in very preterm .animals because cardiopulmonary stability and viability are highly correlated with maturity. The majority of studies are those in lamb fetuses at various stages of development (14), exteriorized lambs when the ewe was anesthetized (l,5), or in older lambs delivered by cesarean section after 125 days of gestation (12,18,19,21). Although adequate oxygen transport has been demonstrated by 110 days of gestation in exteriorized preterm fetal lambs, viability of these animals is much later (approximately 140 days, term 145-147 days).Recent studies have revealed the feasibility of ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid in preterm lambs delivered by cesarean section between 135-138 days gestation (17). In contrast to the respiratory problems that occur during mechanical gas ventilation (18, 19, 2 l), lambs ventilated with fluorocarbon liquid exhibited good gas exchange and stable blood gas tensions. It has been suggested that the elimination of high surface forces in the liquid-filled lung could account for improved gas exchange and respiratory stability. The first objective of this study was to quantitate baseline cardiovascular, gas exchange, acid-base balance, and lung mechanics data in very immature lambs using liquid ventilation techniques. There are also apparent differences in lung mechanics between the gas and liquid-filled lungs. With this in mind, we sought to correlate these changes with the differences in physical properties of the respiratory medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animalpreparation.Five preterm lambs of 106 -t 0.7 S.E. days gestation (70% of term gestation) and a mean b...

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Distribution and retention of fluorocarbon in mice and dogs after injection or liquid ventilation

Cited by 45 publications

References 3 publications

Long-Term Tidal Liquid Ventilation in Premature Lambs: Physiologic, Biochemical and Histological Correlates

Long-Term Tidal Liquid Ventilation in Premature Lambs: Physiologic, Biochemical and Histological Correlates

Gaseous Exchange and Acid-Base Balance in Premature Lambs during Liquid Ventilation since Birth

Cardiopulmonary Function in Very Preterm Lambs during Liquid Ventilation

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