Distribution and sources of 129I in rivers of the Baltic region

Sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment: a review

“…After 1998, 129 I has been discharged at about 0.2 TBq/y from Sellafield and negligibly from La Hague (Keogh et al, 2007). The total release of 129 I was estimated to be about 255 kg (1.7 TBq) and 4000 kg (26 TBq) from gaseous and liquid discharges, respectively (Aldahan et al, 2006). From 1944 through 1972, the plutonium-production operation at the Hanford Site released about 260 kg (1.7 TBq) of 129 I into the air.…”

“…Other studies on species distribution of radioactive iodine in and around nuclear power plants and of stable iodine in the environment have also indicated the important proportion of organic iodines. Aldahan et al (2006) reported that the main forms of iodine released into the environment from European reprocessing facilities are alkyl iodides, CH 3 I and iodides (e.g., HI) that transform into water-soluble molecules and/or IO 3 À , which are adsorbed on and/or nucleate into aerosols and return to Earth's surface as wet and dry fallouts. Careful attention must be given to the iodine speciation when interpreting the biogeochemical behavior of iodine in the environment.…”

Distribution and source of 129 I, 239 ,240 Pu, 137 Cs in the environment of Lithuania

“…[5], [34], [41], [42]. Predominant wind in Lithuania is mostly westwards, meaning that gaseous 129 I re-emitted from the Baltic Sea and North Sea can be transported from the Baltic Sea and deposit to the terrestrial system in Lithuania [36], [43].…”

Pre- and post-Chernobyl accident levels of 129I and 137Cs in the Southern Baltic Sea by brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus

“…Meanwhile, there is an inflow of saline sea water from the North Sea that enters the Skagerrak bringing anthropogenic pollutants from the European reprocessing facilities. 129 I in the Baltic Sea is mainly due to fallout from the atmospheric emissions from nuclear facilities and emissions from contaminated seawater as iodide (especially forming organic compounds, such as CH 3 I (Aldahan et al, 2006)), and iodate (Lehto et al, 2012).…”