Distribution and surface enrichment of radionuclides in lead-bismuth eutectic from spallation targets

Hammer-Rotzler, Bernadette; Neuhausen, Jörg; Boutellier, V.; Wohlmuther, M.; Zanini, L.; David, J. C.; Türler, Andreas; Schumann, D.

doi:10.1140/epjp/i2016-16233-1

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, the distribution of nuclides between steel surfaces of components and the LBE itself were studied, and polonium production rates predicted using particle transport codes have been confirmed by radiochemical analysis [8][9][10]. While the MEGAPIE experiment provided valuable qualitative and semi-quantitative information regarding radionuclide transport and retention in an LBE system, further experiments are required to assess the fundamental thermodynamic properties governing retention of radionuclides in the coolant and by surface adsorption effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic

Karlsson

Neuhausen

Eichler

et al. 2020

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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As a step toward licensing a lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) based reactor design, the adsorption behavior of iodine evaporated from LBE on fused silica was examined. Using inert and reducing carrier gases, depositions with an adsorption enthalpy of − 95 to − 113 kJ mol−1 were observed. These depositions are compatible with a single species, tentatively identified as bismuth monoiodide, BiI. When introducing oxidizing conditions, multiple iodine species with higher volatility form, with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 67 to − 86 kJ mol−1. Based on an empirical correlation one of these species was identified as monatomic iodine. This work provides fundamental understanding of the LBE/iodine gaseous chemistry and related adsorption deposition behavior.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic

Karlsson

Neuhausen

Eichler

et al. 2020

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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“…Unfortunately, solubility information for most of the potential spallation products in LBE or Pb does not exist (121), so their potential impact on corrosion remains unclear. Recently, Hammer-Rotzler et al (132) studied the MEGAPIE and ISOLDE (133) targets and found that lanthanides tend to deposit on free metal surfaces instead of remaining dissolved in the LBE. There is, however, no research specifically studying the impact of lanthanides on the corrosion process.…”

Section: Liquid Metal Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Radiation-Induced Defects on Corrosion

Schmidt

Hosemann

Scarlat

et al. 2021

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

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The next generation of nuclear reactors will expose materials to conditions that, in some cases, are even more extreme than those in current fission reactors, inevitably leading to new materials science challenges. Radiation-induced damage and corrosion are two key phenomena that must be understood both independently and synergistically, but their interactions are often convoluted. In the light water reactor community, a tremendous amount of work has been done to illuminate irradiation-corrosion effects, and similar efforts are under way for heavy liquid metal and molten salt environments. While certain effects, such as radiolysis and irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking, are reasonably well established, the basic science of how irradiation-induced defects in the base material and the corrosion layer influence the corrosion process still presents many unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the work that has been done to understand these coupled extremes, highlight the complex nature of this problem, and identify key knowledge gaps. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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“…Therefore, they are depleted in the bulk LBE. [23,[25][26][27][28] Surface enrichment was also found for electronegative elements such as chlorine and iodine. [23,29] These findings may be important for the safety assessment of nuclear installations, especially concerning dose rate estimations and the evaluation of structure material damage.…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radionuclide Chemistry in Nuclear Facilities Based on Heavy Liquid Metal Coolants: Past, Present and Future

Neuhausen

2020

Chimia

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Heavy liquid metals such as lead and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) are considered as spallation target material for next-generation neutron sources and as coolant of fast spectrum nuclear reactors that are developed to facilitate more efficient use of nuclear fuel as well as transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste. During the operation of such facilities, the heavy liquid metal will be activated by nuclear reactions. Additionally, fission product radionuclides may be introduced into the liquid metal from leaking fuel pins or by fission of the target nuclei in spallation. The chemical behaviour of these radioactive contaminants in the liquid metal – especially their immediate volatilization or volatilization of formed secondary compounds – may affect the safety of such facilities. The present article summarizes the activities of PSI's Laboratory of Radiochemistry towards a better understanding of the chemistry of potentially hazardous radionuclides in LBE and discusses aspects that need to be addressed in future to support the licensing of heavy liquid metal-based nuclear facilities.

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Distribution and surface enrichment of radionuclides in lead-bismuth eutectic from spallation targets

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic

Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic

Effects of Radiation-Induced Defects on Corrosion

Radionuclide Chemistry in Nuclear Facilities Based on Heavy Liquid Metal Coolants: Past, Present and Future

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