Distribution and symptoms of epiphyte infection in major carrageenophyte-producing farms

Large-scale seaweed cultivation has been instrumental in globalizing the seaweed industry since the 1950s. The domestication of seaweed cultivars (begun in the 1940s) ended the reliance on natural cycles of raw material availability for some species, with efforts driven by consumer demands that far exceeded the available supplies. Currently, seaweed cultivation is unrivaled in mariculture with 94% of annual seaweed biomass utilized globally being derived from cultivated sources. In the last decade, research has confirmed seaweeds as rich sources of potentially valuable, health-promoting compounds. Most existing seaweed cultivars and current cultivation techniques have been developed for producing commoditized biomass, and may not necessarily be optimized for the production of valuable bioactive compounds. The future of the seaweed industry will include the development of high value markets for functional foods, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Entry into these markets will require a level of standardization, efficacy, and traceability that has not previously been demanded of seaweed products. Both internal concentrations and composition of bioactive compounds can fluctuate seasonally, geographically, bathymetrically, and according to genetic variability even within individual species, especially where life history stages can be important. History shows that successful expansion of seaweed products into new markets requires the cultivation of domesticated seaweed cultivars. Demands of an evolving new industry based upon efficacy and standardization will require the selection of improved cultivars, the domestication of new species, and a refinement of existing cultivation techniques to improve quality control and traceability of products.

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“…Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group Largo et al (1995Largo et al ( , 1998, Vairappan (2006), Vairappan et al (2009)…”

Section: Ice Disease Goose Bumps Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects and challenges for industrial production of seaweed bioactives

Hafting

Craigie

Stengel

et al. 2015

Journal of Phycology

227

140

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“…Furthermore, QS inhibitors and antimicrobial compounds produced by numerous epiphytic bacteria work in concert with seaweed-derived metabolites to protect the seaweed surface from pathogens, herbivores, and fouling organisms Egan et al, 2000;Zheng et al, 2000;Armstrong et al, 2001;Dobretsov & Qian, 2002;Rao et al, 2007;Wiese et al, 2009;Goecke et al, 2010, table 4). Pathogenic bacteria can cause severe degradation of algal host cells or even lead to seaweed mortality, causing major financial losses to seaweed mariculture every year (Correa et al, 1993;Vairappan et al, 2008;Goecke et al, 2010, table 4). Also biofouling forms a permanent threat to macroalgae as bacterial biofilms increase the hydrodynamic drag on their host and enhance the attachment of other fouling organisms and grazers.…”

Section: Bacterial Partnermentioning

confidence: 99%

What we can learn from sushi: a review on seaweed-bacterial associations

Hollants¹,

Leliaert

Clerck

et al. 2012

FEMS Microbiol Ecol

209

188

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Many eukaryotes are closely associated with bacteria which enable them to expand their physiological capacities. Associations between algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes) and bacteria have been described for over a hundred years. A wide range of beneficial and detrimental interactions exists between macroalgae (seaweeds) and epi‐ and endosymbiotic bacteria that reside either on the surface or within the algal cells. While it has been shown that these chemically mediated interactions are based on the exchange of nutrients, minerals, and secondary metabolites, the diversity and specificity of macroalgal–bacterial relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. Some of these alliances have been found to be algal or bacterial species‐specific, whereas others are widespread among different symbiotic partners. Reviewing 161 macroalgal–bacterial studies from the last 55 years, a definite bacterial core community, consisting of Gammaproteobacteria, CFB group, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria species, seems to exist which is specifically (functionally) adapted to an algal host–associated lifestyle. Because seaweed–bacterial associations are appealing from evolutionary and applied perspectives, future studies should integrate the aspects of diverse biological fields.

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“…Such production deficits are mainly attributed to rising sea temperatures, which causes bleaching of the thallus, making the cultivated individuals more susceptible to viruses and bacteria from the genera Vibrio, Cytophaga, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Halomonas and Flavobacterium, as well as to diseases and epiphyte infestations, such as 'goosebumps' caused by filamentous red algae of the genus Neosiphonia spp. (Vairappan et al, 2008;Hurtado et al, 2013; Fig. 1d-f).…”

Section: Multifaceted Disease and Pest Management Concernsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Changes of Photosynthetic Behaviors in Kappaphycus alvarezii Infected by Epiphyte

Liu

Lin

2011

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Epiphytic filamentous algae (EFA) were noted as a serious problem to reduce the production and quality of K. alvarezii. The morphological studies revealed that the main epiphyte on K. alvarezii was Neosiphonia savatieri in China. Though the harmful effects of EFA on the production of K. alvarezii have been reported, the detailed mechanism of the N. savatieri in limiting the production of K. alvarezii has not been studied yet. The present paper studied the effects of N. savatieri infection on photosynthetic behaviors in K. alvarezii by detecting chlorophyll fluorescence transient in vivo. The results revealed that damage of oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), decrease of active reaction centers (RCs), and the plastoquinone (PQ) pool as well as significant reduction in the performance indexes (PI) of PSII were caused by the infection of N. savatieri. The influence of N. savatieri on photosynthetic activity of K. alvarezii should be one of the important reasons to reduce the production of K. alvarezii infected by N. savatieri.

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Distribution and symptoms of epiphyte infection in major carrageenophyte-producing farms

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Prospects and challenges for industrial production of seaweed bioactives

Prospects and challenges for industrial production of seaweed bioactives

What we can learn from sushi: a review on seaweed-bacterial associations

Changes of Photosynthetic Behaviors in Kappaphycus alvarezii Infected by Epiphyte

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