Distribution depth of stone consolidants applied on-site: Analytical modelling with field and lab cross-validation

Ban, Matea; Aliotta, Laura; Gigante, Vito; Mascha, Elisabeth; Sola, Antonella; Lazzeri, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120394

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Black regions are preserved pore spaces. Panels a and c were adapted with permission from ref ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although such decay and loss of cohesion between grains are most severe at the exposed stone surface, the adverse effects frequently continue deeper into the bulk material (Figure a,b). Partial restoration of the stone’s mechanical and physical characteristics is, however, often possible with consolidant treatments (Figure b,c). Materials used for consolidation comprise various solvent-dispersed binding agents introduced into degraded surface layers of stone materials to restore the lost cohesion between mineral grains …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration

et al. 2022

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Mineral nanoparticle suspensions with consolidating properties have been successfully applied in the restoration of weathered architectural surfaces. However, the design of these consolidants is usually stone-specific and based on trial and error, which prevents their robust operation for a wide range of highly heterogeneous monumental stone materials. In this work, we develop a facile and versatile method to systematically study the consolidating mechanisms in action using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) with real-time force sensing and an X-ray surface forces apparatus (X-SFA). We directly assess the mechanical tensile strength of nanosilica-treated single mineral contacts and show a sharp increase in their cohesion. The smallest used nanoparticles provide an order of magnitude stronger contacts. We further resolve the microstructures and forces acting during evaporation-driven, capillary-force-induced nanoparticle aggregation processes, highlighting the importance of the interactions between the nanoparticles and the confining mineral walls. Our novel SFA-based approach offers insight into nano- and microscale mechanisms of consolidating silica treatments, and it can aid the design of nanomaterials used in stone consolidation.

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“…Black regions are preserved pore spaces. Panels a and c were adapted with permission from ref ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration

et al. 2022

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“…The treatment has penetrated all of the specimens tested, thereby consolidating the interior. These data, according to some authors [28,50,72,78], are considered favorable for the effectiveness of the consolidative treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Consolidating Treatments in Pugliese Tuff (Gravina Calcarenite) Used in Italian Heritage Buildings

Huesca-Tortosa,

Spairani-Berrio,

Coviello

et al. 2024

Buildings

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This work evaluates the effectiveness of various consolidating treatments applied to Pugliese tuff (Gravina Calcarenite). This type of stone has been used in numerous historic buildings in the Puglia area (southeast of Italy), which presents durability problems due to high porosity, low cohesion between clasts, and low mechanical resistance. Eco-friendly treatments that generate CaCO3 have been selected, specifically bioconsolidant KBYO biological and lime water, which a priori are capable of consolidating without occluding the pores or reducing them excessively, thereby creating compounds similar to those contained in the stone and being respectful of the environment. Nano-sized treatments have also been tested, including nanosilica and nanolime, to compare results with eco-friendly treatments. The bioconsolidating treatment has been applied in two different ways, the usual way consisting of two applications a day for 7 days, as well as a double treatment that is applied in two batches of 7 days with a rest of 7 days between applications. Double treatment has shown a great improvement in consolidation compared to the usual 7-day application; this treatment has obtained the best results in both mechanical and petrophysical properties. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the bioconsolidant but also expands eco-friendly conservation strategies to improve the preservation of historical structures built in calcarenite.

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“…The aim of such treatment is to restore, or at least to contain, the natural decay processes of the artwork, and the knowledge of the concentration profile of the product inside the porous matrix is mandatory for investigating the physical-chemical interaction between these and, consequently, for evaluating the effects of the treatment. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Other situations that involve diffusion processes in Cultural Heritage include the absorption of dye solutions or pigment suspensions (e.g., watercolour absorbed in a paper substrate) and the diffusion of solvents used for cleaning. The knowledge of the penetration depth of these agents is relevant for characterizing the artwork and for monitoring the (unwanted) diffusion of the solvents during the cleaning procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐destructive analysis of concentration profiles in turbid media using micro‐spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: A physical model

Castiglioni

Botteon

Conti

et al. 2022

J Raman Spectroscopy

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We introduce an analytical physical description of micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro-SORS) experiments in turbid samples with a special emphasis on its use for studying the penetration depth of chemical species (agents) into a matrix. Such samples exhibit varying concentration gradients with depth and reflect typical situations encountered in Cultural Heritage framework. The experiments aim at yielding the variations (trends) of the Raman intensity ratio of the agent and matrix marker bands, H X ð Þ, with increasing micro-SORS defocusing distance X ð Þ. The physical model shows that H X ð Þ can be expressed as a function of the concentration profiles of the analytes. The analysis makes use of Monte Carlo simulation results of the propagation of photons in turbid media. Despite the introduced approximations, the obtained formulas provide an insightful tool that allows justifying the observed trends and facilitates the interpretation of micro-SORS data and systematic comparison among different samples. Basic comparison with previously published experimental micro-SORS data indicates good consistency. The obtained relationships could also be useful for a semi-quantitative estimate of concentration profiles in unknown samples.

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Distribution depth of stone consolidants applied on-site: Analytical modelling with field and lab cross-validation

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration

Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration

Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Consolidating Treatments in Pugliese Tuff (Gravina Calcarenite) Used in Italian Heritage Buildings

Non‐destructive analysis of concentration profiles in turbid media using micro‐spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: A physical model

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