Distribution, Enrichment and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L. (Fenugreek) after Fertigation with Paper Mill Effluent

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and Trigonella foenum-graecum (var. Pusa Early Bunching) after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Doses of paper mill effluent viz. 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used for fertigation of T. foenum-graecum along with bore well water (control). The results revealed that paper mill effluent had significant (P < 0.05) effect on EC, pH, OC, Na, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn of the soil in both seasons. Insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in WHC and bulk density of the soil were observed after irrigation with paper mill effluent. The agronomical performance of T. foenum-graecum was increased from 5% to 25% concentration and decreased from 50% to 100% concentration of paper mill effluent as compared to control in both seasons. The heavy metals concentration was increased in T. foenum-graecum from 5% to 100% concentrations of paper mill effluent in both seasons. Biochemical components like crude proteins, crude fiber and crude carbohydrates were found maximum with 25% paper mill effluent in both seasons. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various heavy metals was in order of Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu > Zn > Fe for soil and Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Zn > Fe for T. foenum-graecum plants after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Therefore, paper mill effluent can be used as a biofertigant after appropriate dilution to improve yield of T. foenumgraecum.

Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Irrigated with Domestic Sewage Wastewater as a Source of Irrigation: Environmental Food Security and Safety Assessment Perspectives through Acute and Sub- Acute Toxicity Study

“…Further, the present investigation is in good agreement with the previous results obtained by Kiziloglu et al (2008) who described that wastewater irrigation increased soil salinity, exchangeable Ca and Mg ions. Singh (2007) proves that the significantly higher values of exchangeable cations have been reported in soils irrigated using paper mill effluent and also these results were similar to the values of Kumar and Chopra (2013); Kumar et al (2014) who reported that irrigation using wastewater leads to a significant increase in Ca and Mg in the soil as compared to groundwater or well water.…”

“…Hence the present investigation suggests the intake of samples devoid of chemical pollution as the samples collected from the rural vicinity satisfies the recommended dietary limit of intake of the essential minerals for a healthy balanced diet when compared with the samples collected from the urban vicinity. The results of the present investigation are by the findings of Kumar and Chopra (2013) who found that irrigation with wastewater significantly increased Cr in soil. These results are not consistent with Lu et al (2016) who revealed that the wastewater did not increase the Cr content of the soil.…”

Impact of Glass Industry Effluent Disposal on Soil Characteristics in Haridwar Region, India

“…The EC (1.96 ± 0.07 dS m -1 ) of the glass industry effluent contaminated soil was significantly (P < 0.01) increased to 125.28% when compared to groundwater irrigated soil. The increase in the EC of the effluent irrigated soil is likely due to the presence of more salts in the glass industry effluent [Kumar, V., et al 2013b]. Mohan et al 2007 concluded that the EC of water and wastewater is due to the presence of total dissolved solids.…”

Functions and Application of Glomalin-Related Soil Proteins: A Review

“…Toxic metals accumulate in the soil, which negatively affects plant growth and crop yield and even harms human health through enlarged food chain (Kumar et al 2013). Toxic metals are related to the behavior of plants in the soil and their bioavailability (Huang et al 2018).…”