Distribution, long-term development and mass balance calculation of total alkalinity in the Baltic Sea

Hjalmarsson, Sofia; Wesslander, Karin; Anderson, Leif G.; Omstedt, Anders; Perttilä, Matti; Mintrop, L.

doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.11.010

Cited by 84 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The Baltic Sea receives significant river run-off from surrounding land (a total of approximately 15 000 m 3 s −1 (Bergstrom, 1994) and net precipitation of approximately 1500 m 3 s −1 (Omstedt et al, 2004)). This large freshwater addition brings large amounts of nutrients and inorganic and organic carbon to the Baltic Sea basin (Omstedt et al, 2004;Hjalmarsson et al, 2008). The biogeochemical processes in the Baltic Sea marine environment are controlled mainly by the biological production and decomposition of organic matter occurring in the context of the region's hydrography (Siegel and Gerth, 2012).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote sensing the sea surface CO2 of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

2015

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Abstract. Studies of coastal seas in Europe have noted the high variability of the CO 2 system. This high variability, generated by the complex mechanisms driving the CO 2 fluxes, complicates the accurate estimation of these mechanisms. This is particularly pronounced in the Baltic Sea, where the mechanisms driving the fluxes have not been characterized in as much detail as in the open oceans. In addition, the joint availability of in situ measurements of CO 2 and of seasurface satellite data is limited in the area. In this paper, we used the SOMLO (self-organizing multiple linear output; Sasse et al., 2013) methodology, which combines two existing methods (i.e. self-organizing maps and multiple linear regression) to estimate the ocean surface partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) in the Baltic Sea from the remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, coloured dissolved organic matter, net primary production, and mixed-layer depth. The outputs of this research have a horizontal resolution of 4 km and cover the 1998-2011 period. These outputs give a monthly map of the Baltic Sea at a very fine spatial resolution. The reconstructed pCO 2 values over the validation data set have a correlation of 0.93 with the in situ measurements and a root mean square error of 36 µatm. Removing any of the satellite parameters degraded this reconstructed CO 2 flux, so we chose to supply any missing data using statistical imputation. The pCO 2 maps produced using this method also provide a confidence level of the reconstruction at each grid point. The results obtained are encouraging given the sparsity of available data, and we expect to be able to produce even more accurate reconstructions in coming years, given the predicted acquisition of new data.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote sensing the sea surface CO2 of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

2015

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“…Omstedt et al, 2004;Hjalmarsson et al, 2008;Backer and Leppänen, 2008;Wesslander, 2011) and monitored. It is characterized by an important upwelling variability (Norman et al, 2013a;Myrberg and Andrejev, 2003;Lehmann and Myrberg, 2008;Sproson and Sahlée, 2014) and by important river runoffs (Bergstrom, 1994), which were estimated at 17241.9 m 3 s −1 in 2015 (Johansson, 2017).…”

Section: G Parard Et Al: Air-sea Co 2 Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of using remote sensing data to estimate air–sea CO2 exchange in the Baltic Sea

et al. 2017

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Abstract. In this article, we present the first climatological map of air-sea CO 2 flux over the Baltic Sea based on remote sensing data: estimates of pCO 2 derived from satellite imaging using self-organizing map classifications along with class-specific linear regressions (SOMLO methodology) and remotely sensed wind estimates. The estimates have a spatial resolution of 4 km both in latitude and longitude and a monthly temporal resolution from 1998 to 2011. The CO 2 fluxes are estimated using two types of wind products, i.e. reanalysis winds and satellite wind products, the higher-resolution wind product generally leading to higher-amplitude flux estimations.Furthermore, the CO 2 fluxes were also estimated using two methods: the method of Wanninkhof et al.

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“…The Baltic Sea is characterized by a strong salinity gradient. High river run-off causes a salinity decrease from west to east and a large vertical gradient between the low saline surface water and high saline bottom water (Hjalmarsson et al 2008). The investigated A. rubens population from Kiel Fjord, Germany (54°19.8 0 N; 10°9.0 0 E), lives close to the species' absolute border of distribution, as no adults have been observed east of the island of Ruegen,Germany,(54°22.9 0 N; 12°17.8 0 E) with average salinities as low as 8 (Binyon 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity dependence of recruitment success of the sea star Asterias rubens in the brackish western Baltic Sea

et al. 2015

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Salinity strongly influences development and distribution of the sea star Asterias rubens. In Kiel Fjord, located in the western Baltic Sea, A. rubens is the only echinoderm species and one of the main benthic predators controlling blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) abundance. However, Kiel Fjord with an average salinity of about 15 is located close to the eastern distribution boundary of A. rubens in the Baltic Sea. In this study, we combined field and laboratory investigations to test whether the salinity of Kiel Fjord is high enough to enable successful development of A. rubens. Sea star eggs were fertilized in vitro, and development was monitored in the laboratory at four salinities (9, 12, 15 and 18) for 10 weeks. At a salinity of 9, development ceased prior to the blastula stage. At a salinity of 12, no larvae reached metamorphosis. At higher salinities, larvae developed normally and metamorphosed into juvenile sea stars. Abundances of A. rubens larvae and settled juveniles were also observed in Kiel Fjord and correlated to salinity values measured from March until June during 6 years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010). Results revealed high A. rubens settlement rates only in 2009, the year when salinity was the highest and least variable during the period of spawning and larval development. It appears that only years with high and stable salinities permit recruitment of A. rubens in Kiel Fjord. Projected desalination of the Baltic Sea could shift the distribution of A. rubens in the western Baltic Sea north-westwards and may lead to local extinction of a keystone species of the benthic ecosystem.

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Distribution, long-term development and mass balance calculation of total alkalinity in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 84 publications

References 11 publications

Remote sensing the sea surface CO<sub>2</sub> of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

Remote sensing the sea surface CO<sub>2</sub> of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

The potential of using remote sensing data to estimate air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the Baltic Sea

Salinity dependence of recruitment success of the sea star Asterias rubens in the brackish western Baltic Sea

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Distribution, long-term development and mass balance calculation of total alkalinity in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 84 publications

References 11 publications

Remote sensing the sea surface CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

Remote sensing the sea surface CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

The potential of using remote sensing data to estimate air–sea CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange in the Baltic Sea

Salinity dependence of recruitment success of the sea star Asterias rubens in the brackish western Baltic Sea

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Remote sensing the sea surface CO<sub>2</sub> of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

Remote sensing the sea surface CO<sub>2</sub> of the Baltic Sea using the SOMLO methodology

The potential of using remote sensing data to estimate air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the Baltic Sea