Distribution of aerobic bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi in deep subsurface sediments

Post-Sampling Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Activity in a Subsurface Paleosol

“…Tubes were capped and shipped on ice, by overnight express mail, to the laboratory of T. Kieft. Direct counts of total microorganisms were performed by a modified [33] acridine-orange method [15], and were initiated within 24 h of receipt. Four slides were prepared from each subsample.…”

Workshop to develop deep-life continental scientific drilling projects

“…Fungi have long been studied in freshwater lakes, soils, surface sediments and, more recently, marine deep subsurface sediments (Nagano et al, 2010;Edgcomb et al, 2011), but are currently not known to be important players in the continental subsurface. In the marine deep subsurface, fungi appear to be reducing nitrate and degrading lignin (Cathrine and Raghukumar, 2009;Gubernatorova and Dolgonosov, 2010), and have been reported in biological samples collected from the deep continental subsurface (Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989;Reitner et al, 2005). Other eukaryotic components found in the deep continental biosphere include yeasts (Ekendahl et al, 2003), protists (Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989), and nematodes (Borgonie et al, 2011).…”

“…In the marine deep subsurface, fungi appear to be reducing nitrate and degrading lignin (Cathrine and Raghukumar, 2009;Gubernatorova and Dolgonosov, 2010), and have been reported in biological samples collected from the deep continental subsurface (Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989;Reitner et al, 2005). Other eukaryotic components found in the deep continental biosphere include yeasts (Ekendahl et al, 2003), protists (Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989), and nematodes (Borgonie et al, 2011). Exploration for these ecologically important, but numerically less abundant, members of subsurface ecosystems will require the capability of accessing high volume subsurface material (fluids and/or solids) from any proposed ICDP site.…”

“…In the deepest sites, microorganisms function without access to photosynthetically generated organic carbon, as well; instead, being fueled by hydrogen (H 2 ) generated from rock-water reactions ( Fig. 2) (Stevens and McKinley, 1995;Chapelle et al, 2002;Sleep et al, 2004;Lin et al, 2006;Chivian et al, 2008). A wide diversity of bacteria and archaea has been detected in the continental subsurface, with the majority of these appearing to be indigenous and adapted to subterranean life (Heim, 2011;Colwell and D'Hondt, 2013;Lau et al, 2014).…”

Test Plan for Methanotrophic Bioreactor at Savannah River Site-TNX

“…Ten nlicroliters of supernatant are spotted onto each well of a toxoplasmosis microscope slide (Celline, Inc.), stained two minutes with 0.01% acridine orange (Difco of Detroit, IMI), then rinsed with , distilled water. The number of cells stained with acridine orange are counted by epifluorescent microscopy Sinclair and Ghiorse 1989). Counts are reported as cells per milliliter.…”