Distribution of chloride in frog's skeletal muscle immersed in saline solution

Eggleton, M. Grace; Eggleton, Philip; Hamilton, Alison M.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1937.sp003506

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It has also been known for some time (7,8,21) that the total C1-content of muscles increases on soaking in Ringer. Some of these authors (7,8) were loath to admit that the C1-had passed into the cell. Boyle and Conway (2) followed the rate of entry of Ha + and CI-into the cell and the concomitant K + loss.…”

Section: M~scles Soaked In Norr~al Ringer (Isolated Muselesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Amphibian Muscle

Simon

Shaw

Bennett

et al. 1957

The Journal of General Physiology

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In a previous publication (28) it was shown that the cells of the sartorius muscle of the toad Bufo marinus were able to maintain their internal K + at an absolute level despite great fluctuations (0 to 25 m.eq. per liter) of the external K +. When the external level was raised to 50 m.eq. per liter there was an intracellular increase amounting to about 17 per cent of the control level in normal Ringer. This is in contrast to the capacity of the cell to maintain an absolute ratio Na+ou~/Na+m of approximately 3:1 in the face of large variations in the external Na + (45 to 650 m.eq. per liter).Boyle and Conway (2) had shown that K + entered the cell in proportion to the increase in external K +, from which they drew the conclusion that the intracellular K + content would result from the electrochemical gradient, the product K+m X CI-~, being equal to the product K+o~t X Cl-ou~.In this paper it is our intention to correlate the changes in the intracellular Na + and K + content brought about by alterations in the external ionic environment with the concomitant movements in chloride ion.A bibliography of the earlier literature relating to the estimation of chloride in muscle has been given by Fenn (9). We shall refer later to the work of Carey and Conway (3), Levi and Ussing (18), and Harris and Martins-Ferreira (10).The method of estimation of chloride employed by some of the earlier workers (the Van Slyke acid digest), has been shown by Heilbrunn and Hamilton (11) and Wilde (34) to yield results up to 30 per cent too low. The methods used by us for the estimation of Na +, K +, and CI-were such that all three ions could be estimated on the same muscle. This has not been possible with previous methods.The movements of Na + and C1-are so closely linked that we have formed a tentative hypothesis that these ions exist together in an intracellular phase. The amounts of the two ions in this phase are usually equivalent, and depend on the concentration of the same ion in the external medium. The amount of * This work was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the

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Section: M~scles Soaked In Norr~al Ringer (Isolated Muselesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Amphibian Muscle

Simon

Shaw

Bennett

et al. 1957

The Journal of General Physiology

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“…The Cl was then titrated electrometrically against standard AgNO8 (B.D.H. ) by a method similar to that described by Eggleton, Eggleton & Hamilton (1937). The accuracy was limited by the sharpness of the end-point rather than by the capacity of the burette to deliver small volumes.…”

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confidence: 99%

The distribution of Na and K in cat nerves

Krnjević¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Ever since the first full statement of the membrane theory (Bernstein, 1912) it has been widely believed that the mechanism of nervous conduction depends upon certain important differences between the concentrations of electrolytes inside and outside the nerve fibre. Bernstein had no evidence on this point and he relied for his argument on what evidence was available from analyses of muscle. We now know much about the composition of the intracellular fluid of invertebrate nerves (e.g. Lewis, 1952) and one analysis has been made of the electrolyte distribution in frog nerves (Fenn, Cobb, Hegnauer & Marsh, 1934). No study of the distribution of electrolytes in mammalian nerves, however, is apparently available.Estimations of the total content of Na, K and Cl in various mammalian (1954): Na and K. The information to be derived from these values is unfortunately greatly limited by complete uncertainty about the relative proportions of intra-and extracellular fluid and the relative proportions of total intra-and extracellular Na, K, or Cl. The present paper is an analysis of the distribution of Na, K and Cl in cat nerves, based upon: (a) a comparison of the total Na, K and Cl contents of intact nerve trunks and desheathed nerve bundles; (b) studies of the diffusion of Na from desheathed nerve bundles; (c) a direct estimate of the intracellular space obtained from photomicrographs. METHODSAnimals. Most of the nerves analysed were from cats. A small number of nerves from rabbits, dogs and monkeys were also studied for comparison; the only estimations made, however, were of the total Na and K.The majority of the nerves were removed from cats which were in good condition, with their circulation intact, in the course of experiments under general anaesthesia, or in some cases, after * Beit Memorial Research Fellow.

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“…Chloride was estimated by electrometric titration with silver nitrate [Eggleton, Eggleton & Hamilton, 1937], sulphate by a modified benzidine method, electrical conductivity in the microcell at 500 c.p.s. [Winton, 1936] and vapour pressure by the method of Hill [1930].…”

Section: Chemical Estimationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of diuretics on the osmotic work done and on the efficiency of the isolated kidney of the dog

Eggleton¹,

Pappenheimer²,

Winton³

1940

The Journal of Physiology

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THE external work performed by the kidney is almost entirely represented by the osmotic work done in the formation of urine from plasma.The osmotic work which can be calculated is the theoretical minimum work and is independent of the mechanism of formation of urine. It is perhaps the most significant way of summarizing the functions of the kidney as an excretory organ. The osmotic work plays much the same part in renal physiology as does the mechanical work in muscle physiology; asynchronous contraction of muscle fibres and deviation from a longitudinal direction of pull makes it likely that the mechanical work done by individual muscle fibres would add up to something considerably greater than the observed external work done by the muscle; similarly, if we could measure the osmotic work done in different segments of the renal tubule, and suppose that positive work done by the kidney in one segment could not be neutralized by negative work in another segment, we should obtain a value for osmotic work done by the kidney which is greater than the theoretical minimum external work in which such neutralization is presupposed.The relation between the external work done and the chemical energy degraded in the organ, as indicated by the oxygen consumption, is of interest in two connexions. First, the efficiency so calculated has been found [Borsook & Winegarden, 1931] to be only of the order of 1%-much lower than the maximum efficiency of muscle. This comparison is, 1 Assisted by a grant from the Medical Research Council.

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Distribution of chloride in frog's skeletal muscle immersed in saline solution

Cited by 26 publications

References 4 publications

The Relationship Between Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Amphibian Muscle

The Relationship Between Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Amphibian Muscle

The distribution of Na and K in cat nerves

The influence of diuretics on the osmotic work done and on the efficiency of the isolated kidney of the dog

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