Distribution of corticotropin‐releasing factor in the cerebellum and precerbellar nuclei of the opossum: A study utilizing immunohistochemistry, In situ hybridization histochemistry, and receptor autoradiography

Cummings, Sharon L.; Young, W. Scott; Bishop, Georgia A.; King, James S.; Souza, Errol B. De

doi:10.1002/cne.902800402

Cited by 57 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Clearly, the climbing fibers originate from the inferior olive as this is the sole source of this afferent system. Further, CRF positive neurons have been identified in the olivary complex (Powers et al 1987;Barmack and Young 1988;Kitahama et al 1988;Cummings 1989;Cummings et al 1989;Errico and Barmack 1993). The CRF-immunopositive mossy fibers arise from several brainstem nuclei including the vestibular complex, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, the (a-e) illustrates CRF immunoreactivity that is present in climbing fibers (a-c -block arrows), mossy fibers (a-d -small arrows), and varicose axons (c-e -arrowheads) within the cerebellar cortex.…”

Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Modulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cerebellum

Bishop¹,

King²

2013

Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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The existence of neuropeptides in the central nervous system has been known for almost 40 years. Within the cerebellum approximately 22 neuropeptides have been identified. However, the functional role(s) for many of the different peptides in the cerebellum is largely unknown as their distribution in the cerebellum is not uniform and varies between species. Further, to date sufficient physiological analysis has not been carried out to determine the potential importance of cerebellar peptides. It has been proposed that peptides slowly modulate cerebellar circuits by acting through G protein-coupled receptors in contrast to the fast action of amino acid neurotransmitters that bind to ionotropic receptors. This effect, in turn, would influence the state of an entire neuronal circuit rather than a single neuron. This chapter will be focused on two members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides, namely, corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin because their distribution has been described in multiple species and their function has been investigated to a greater extent than any of the other peptides found in the cerebellum. A review of the distribution of these peptides as well as a discussion of their cognate receptors is included. Data on the functional role of both peptides is presented. It is clear that complex interactions take place between these peptides and other transmitters in the cerebellum. The physiological data suggest that CRF is essential for normal cerebellar-mediated motor performance. There is less data on the physiological role of urocortin (UCN) in the cerebellum. To date, it has been shown that UCN increases the spontaneous firing rate

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Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Modulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cerebellum

Bishop¹,

King²

2013

Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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“…CRF, a neuropeptide, is released from both the MFs and the CFs (Cummings et al, 1989; Errico and Barmack, 1993). In the cerebellar cortex, the two CRF receptors CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 are expressed in all of the PCs.…”

Section: The Purkinje Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In and out of the loop: external and internal modulation of the olivo-cerebellar loop

Libster¹,

Yarom²

2013

Front. Neural Circuits

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Cerebellar anatomy is known for its crystal like structure, where neurons and connections are precisely and repeatedly organized with minor variations across the Cerebellar Cortex. The olivo-cerebellar loop, denoting the connections between the Cerebellar cortex, Inferior Olive and Cerebellar Nuclei (CN), is also modularly organized to form what is known as the cerebellar module. In contrast to the relatively organized and static anatomy, the cerebellum is innervated by a wide variety of neuromodulator carrying axons that are heterogeneously distributed along the olivo-cerebellar loop, providing heterogeneity to the static structure. In this manuscript we review modulatory processes in the olivo-cerebellar loop. We start by discussing the relationship between neuromodulators and the animal behavioral states. This is followed with an overview of the cerebellar neuromodulatory signals and a short discussion of why and when the cerebellar activity should be modulated. We then devote a section for three types of neurons where we briefly review its properties and propose possible neuromodulation scenarios.

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“…The tissue was embedded in 10% agar, frozen, cut serially at 80 pm in transverse or sagittal planes using a freezing microtome, and collected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.3). Tissue sections were processed according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger (1979) modified for free-floating sections (Cummings et al, 1989b;Walker and King, 1989). Sections were incubated overnight with CRF antiserum (generated in a rabbit against the rat sequence, diluted 1:10,000) in PBS with 0.3% Triton X-100 (PBS-T), rinsed 3 x 10 minutes in PBS, incubated with sheep anti-rabbit IgG (1:300 PBS-T; Antibodies Inc., Davis, CA; 90 minutes), rinsed 3 x 10 minutes in PBS, incubated with rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase (1500 PBS-T; N.L.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CRF antiserum was a gift from Dr. Burt Sharp of the University of Minnesota and has been described previously (Cummings et al, 1988). Controls for the specificity of immunohistochemical localizations of this CRF antiserum in opossums have also been described previously (Cummings et al, 1989b). Sections were examined and drawn with a Zeiss microscope equipped with a drawing tube.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purification and specificity of the probe has been described (Young et al, 1986a,b). Comparisons of the probe localization with immunohistochemical localization of CRF in the opossum and controls to evaluate nonspecific hybridization of the CRF probe have also been described (Cummings et al, 1989b;Young et al, 1986a). Tissue sections incubated with a vasopressin messenger-sense probe of identical length and comparable base composition were processed concurrently with sections hybridized with the CRF probe in order to evaluate nonspecific hybridization.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridization Histochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early development of cerebellar afferent systems that contain corticotropin‐releasing factor

Cummings

Young

King

1994

J of Comparative Neurology

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Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF binding sites have been described in the cerebellum of several species, including the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana), the species used in the present study. Inotophoretic application of this peptide in the adult cerebellum enhances the spontaneous and amino acid-induced firing rate of Purkinje cells and overcomes the GABA-induced suppression of Purkinje cell activity. The present account provides immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of CRF in the North American opossum within developing axons and their growth cones prior to the formation of the Purkinje cell and granule cell layers. CRF mRNA is present on postnatal day (PD) 1 within the internal migratory stream of the ventral lateral medulla, which contains migrating olivary neurons, and within the ventral medulla in the region, where inferior olivary neurons first aggregate to form the inferior olivary complex. The olivary complex can first be identified on PD2 and is well defined by PD3. CRF-immunoreactive axons are evident within the cerebellar primordium on PD4 and penetrate the nascent Purkinje cell layer between PD14 and PD26. By PD26, CRF-immunoreactive puncta are organized within the Purkinje cell layer as parasagittal bands. Thus, olivary neurons express CRF mRNA prior to the time that the first CRF-labeled axons are present in the cerebellar anlage (PD4), suggesting that olivary axons are among the first to reach the developing cerebellum. Coincident (PD1-3) with the early transcription of CRF mRNA in the inferior olive, cells in the medullary reticular formation (PD1) and locus coeruleus (PD2) also transcribe CRF mRNA. These brainstem sites also could provide CRF-immunoreactive axons to the developing cerebellum; however, based on the results of this study and correlative data reported in the literature, we propose that the primary source of early-arriving CRF fibers is the inferior olivary complex. The early arrival of CRF-containing axons in the cerebellum prior to synaptogenesis and migration of both granule cells and Purkinje cells suggests a role for this peptide in target recognition and synaptic organization.

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Distribution of corticotropin‐releasing factor in the cerebellum and precerbellar nuclei of the opossum: A study utilizing immunohistochemistry, In situ hybridization histochemistry, and receptor autoradiography

Cited by 57 publications

References 60 publications

Modulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cerebellum

Modulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cerebellum

In and out of the loop: external and internal modulation of the olivo-cerebellar loop

Early development of cerebellar afferent systems that contain corticotropin‐releasing factor

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