Distribution of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Bicout, Dominique; Carvalho, Regina de Souza; Chalvet‐Monfray, Karine; Sabatier, Philippe

doi:10.1177/104063870601800511

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has been found in blood, milk, saliva, feces and semen of diseased horses. The virus apparently can cross the placental barrier and cause prenatal fetal infection [13,30,31,37]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of introduction of equine infectious anemia virus into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada

et al. 2012

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Deriving horse oocytes in the USA is hampered by the lack of abattoirs processing horse carcasses which could provide abundant quantities of ovaries from slaughtered mares. Therefore, several cloning industries in the USA are attempting to import cloned horse embryos from Canada. Like any agricultural commodity, cloned embryos pose a risk of introduction of exotic animal diseases into the importing country. Under such circumstances, risk assessment could provide an objective, transparent, and internationally accepted means for evaluating the risk. This quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was initiated to determine the risk of introduction of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada. In assessing the risk, a structured knowledge base regarding cloning in relation to EIA was first developed. Based on the knowledge base, a scenario tree was developed to determine conditions (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of EIAV along the cloning pathway. Parameters for the occurrence of the event at each node were estimated using published literature. Using @RISK software and setting Monte Carlo simulation at 50 000 iterations, the probability of importing an EIAV-infected cloned horse embryo was 1.8×10−9 (R = 1.5×10−12 to 2.9×10−8). Taking into account the current protocol for equine cloning and assuming the yield of 5 to 30 clones per year, the possible number of EIAV-infected cloned horse embryos ranged from 2.0×10−10 to 9.1×10−5 (Mean = 1.4×10−6) per year. Consequently, it would take up to 1.5×107 (R = 1.6×104 to 5.1×1010) years for EIAV to be introduced into the USA. Based on the knowledge base and our critical pathway analysis, the biological plausibility of introducing EIAV into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada is extremely low.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of introduction of equine infectious anemia virus into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada

et al. 2012

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“…A recent study based on a spatial scan statistic method showed that TB cases were highly concentrated in many neighbourhoods in Antananarivo [7]. Here, we re-examine this finding using a Bayesian approach, as previously described for analyses of the spatial distribution of prostate cancer incidence [8], lung cancer [9], malaria [10], giardiasis [11], equine infectious anaemia in horses [12]; modelling the effects of indicators of tuberculosis [13], schistosomiasis [14] and predicting the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis [15]. Previous disease mapping work was based on collating, mapping and analysing prevalence or incidence data with conventional statistical approaches, which are affected by random variation due to population variability and a loss of statistical power when cases are assigned to subgroups (e.g., several geographic subareas).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian mapping of pulmonary tuberculosis in Antananarivo, Madagascar

et al. 2010

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BackgroundTuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is endemic in Madagascar. The capital, Antananarivo is the most seriously affected area. TB had a non-random spatial distribution in this setting, with clustering in the poorer areas. The aim of this study was to explore this pattern further by a Bayesian approach, and to measure the associations between the spatial variation of TB risk and national control program indicators for all neighbourhoods.MethodsCombination of a Bayesian approach and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was developed to produce smooth risk maps of TB and to model relationships between TB new cases and national TB control program indicators. The TB new cases were collected from records of the 16 Tuberculosis Diagnostic and Treatment Centres (DTC) of the city from 2004 to 2006. And five TB indicators were considered in the analysis: number of cases undergoing retreatment, number of patients with treatment failure and those suffering relapse after the completion of treatment, number of households with more than one case, number of patients lost to follow-up, and proximity to a DTC.ResultsIn Antananarivo, 43.23% of the neighbourhoods had a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) above 1, of which 19.28% with a TB risk significantly higher than the average. Identified high TB risk areas were clustered and the distribution of TB was found to be associated mainly with the number of patients lost to follow-up (SIR: 1.10, CI 95%: 1.02-1.19) and the number of households with more than one case (SIR: 1.13, CI 95%: 1.03-1.24).ConclusionThe spatial pattern of TB in Antananarivo and the contribution of national control program indicators to this pattern highlight the importance of the data recorded in the TB registry and the use of spatial approaches for assessing the epidemiological situation for TB. Including these variables into the model increases the reproducibility, as these data are already available for individual DTCs. These findings may also be useful for guiding decisions related to disease control strategies.

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“…Due to the registration of the disease at almost all continents [17,[18][19][20], much attention is paid to the problem of the EIA virus prevalence control. Phylogenetic analysis of local isolates and strains performed in different countries suggests that there are genetic subtypes of the EIA virus that circulate in the world currently [8,14,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analysis of Russian Eiav Isolates Using an Optimized Nested PCR

Gerasimova¹,

Kolbasova²,

Цыбанов³

et al. 2015

S-h. biol.

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A b s t r a c tEquine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral disease wich affects all members of Equine species and is caused by а virus belonging to the genus Lentivirus in the family Retroviridae. This disease has a worldwide distribution, and its epizooty is registered in all continents. AGID positively reacting animals are revealed at planned serological studies in the Russian Federation from year to year. At the moment, a lot of attention is paid to control of the EIA virus prevalence, therefore, all over the world there are numerous studies to identify the virus and determine its molecular and genetic characteristics and origin. This paper presents data on the development of test systems based on PCR, which allows not only to identify the EIA viral genome in various samples of biological material, but also to carry out further sequencing the genome fragments of different EIA strains and isolates. EIA virus genome consists of three major genes, gag, pol, env (53). Аnd the most useful marker for studying genetic diversity between different EIAV strains is a gag-gene necessary for intracellular virus assembly and release from cells. For carrying out the molecular genetic studies, we optimized nested PCR without reverse transcription and designed specific oligonucleotide primers for the second round of the reaction which flanking 1018 bp of proviral DNA of gag-gene. In the research we also determined the nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic relationships between previously isolated Russian EIAV strain and two modern isolates revealed in Russia. The findings allowed assigning 3-K-VNIITIBP-VIEV EIAV strain to group of North American origin with homology of 98 %. Isolates Nizhniy Novgorod-2011 and Omsk-2012 were classified as isolates of European origin with 82-83 % homology. Thus, application of PCR and a phylogenetic analysis allows to establish the belonging of new virus isolates to a certain genogroups and to assume their geographical origin. This information is necessary to determine the source and ways of distribution of the pathogen for the purpose to predict future epidemic situation and planning measures against the disease.Keywords: EIAV, PCR, phylogenetic analysis.Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a disease of solipeds that is associated with the failure of hematopoietic organs and is manifested with recurrent or persistent fever, anemia and impaired cardiovascular function [1][2][3][4]. The EIA etiological agent is of viral nature (Equine infectious anemia virus -EIAV) and belongs to the genus Lentivirus in the family Retroviridae [4,5]. The EIA viral genome consists of two positive-sense identical single-stranded linear RNA molecules [4, 6-8] and includes three major structural genes arranged (in 53) as gag (encode virion core proteins required for intracellular assembly and virus release from the cells), pol (encodes polypeptides with revertase, specific RNA-ase and DNA-endonuclease activity) and env (encodes surface virion glycoproteins involved in the formation of the virion envelope, in specifi...

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Distribution of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

The risk of introduction of equine infectious anemia virus into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada

The risk of introduction of equine infectious anemia virus into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada

Bayesian mapping of pulmonary tuberculosis in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Phylogenetic Analysis of Russian Eiav Isolates Using an Optimized Nested PCR

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