Distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity within the brain of oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

Kobayashi, Shiori; Takayama, Chitoshi; Ikeda, Yuzuru

doi:10.3354/ab00525

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(80 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The cephalopod nervous system, like that of vertebrates, is hierarchically organized into levels that sequentially control behaviors ( Boycott, 1961 ; Young, 1976 , 1988 ; Sumbre et al, 2001 ; Zullo et al, 2009 ; Zullo and Hochner, 2011 ; Kobayashi et al, 2013 ). Sensory and memory brain centers such as the optic lobes for vision, the inferior frontal lobes for tactile discrimination and the vertical and median superior frontal lobes for memory and learning are important in regulating elaborate behaviors such as camouflage patterning, navigation, attack and evasive planning ( Mather and Dickel, 2017 ).…”

Section: Mollusc Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Brains for Pain: Human to Mollusc

Key

Brown

2018

Front. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is compelling evidence that the “what it feels like” subjective experience of sensory stimuli arises in the cerebral cortex in both humans as well as mammalian experimental animal models. Humans are alone in their ability to verbally communicate their experience of the external environment. In other species, sensory awareness is extrapolated on the basis of behavioral indicators. For instance, cephalopods have been claimed to be sentient on the basis of their complex behavior and anecdotal reports of human-like intelligence. We have interrogated the findings of avoidance learning behavioral paradigms and classical brain lesion studies and conclude that there is no evidence for cephalopods feeling pain. This analysis highlighted the questionable nature of anthropometric assumptions about sensory experience with increased phylogenetic distance from humans. We contend that understanding whether invertebrates such as molluscs are sentient should first begin with defining the computational processes and neural circuitries underpinning subjective awareness. Using fundamental design principles, we advance the notion that subjective awareness is dependent on observer neural networks (networks that in some sense introspect the neural processing generating neural representations of sensory stimuli). This introspective process allows the observer network to create an internal model that predicts the neural processing taking place in the network being surveyed. Predictions arising from the internal model form the basis of a rudimentary form of awareness. We develop an algorithm built on parallel observer networks that generates multiple levels of sensory awareness. A network of cortical regions in the human brain has the appropriate functional properties and neural interconnectivity that is consistent with the predicted circuitry of the algorithm generating pain awareness. By contrast, the cephalopod brain lacks the necessary neural circuitry to implement such an algorithm. In conclusion, we find no compelling behavioral, functional, or neuroanatomical evidence to indicate that cephalopods feel pain.

show abstract

Section: Mollusc Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Brains for Pain: Human to Mollusc

Key

Brown

2018

Front. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…GABA has not previously been reported to occur in the octopus gastric ganglion, but is widely distributed in the central nervous system (Cornwell et al, 1993 ; Ponte et al, 2010 ; Kobayashi et al, 2013 ). We found a distributed GABA-IR positivity revealing an intricate network appearing to surround the great majority of neural cells belonging to the external cortical layer of the ganglion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gastric Ganglion of Octopus vulgaris: Preliminary Characterization of Gene- and Putative Neurochemical-Complexity, and the Effect of Aggregata octopiana Digestive Tract Infection on Gene Expression

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The gastric ganglion is the largest visceral ganglion in cephalopods. It is connected to the brain and is implicated in regulation of digestive tract functions. Here we have investigated the neurochemical complexity (through in silico gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry) of the gastric ganglion in Octopus vulgaris and tested whether the expression of a selected number of genes was influenced by the magnitude of digestive tract parasitic infection by Aggregata octopiana. Novel evidence was obtained for putative peptide and non-peptide neurotransmitters in the gastric ganglion: cephalotocin, corticotrophin releasing factor, FMRFamide, gamma amino butyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, molluscan insulin-related peptide 3, peptide PRQFV-amide, and tachykinin–related peptide. Receptors for cholecystokininA and cholecystokininB, and orexin2 were also identified in this context for the first time. We report evidence for acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, small cardioactive peptide related peptide, and receptors for cephalotocin and octopressin, confirming previous publications. The effects of Aggregata observed here extend those previously described by showing effects on the gastric ganglion; in animals with a higher level of infection, genes implicated in inflammation (NFκB, fascin, serpinB10 and the toll-like 3 receptor) increased their relative expression, but TNF-α gene expression was lower as was expression of other genes implicated in oxidative stress (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin 6, and glutathione peroxidase). Elevated Aggregata levels in the octopuses corresponded to an increase in the expression of the cholecystokininA receptor and the small cardioactive peptide-related peptide. In contrast, we observed decreased relative expression of cephalotocin, dopamine β-hydroxylase, peptide PRQFV-amide, and tachykinin-related peptide genes. A discussion is provided on (i) potential roles of the various molecules in food intake regulation and digestive tract motility control and (ii) the difference in relative gene expression in the gastric ganglion in octopus with relatively high and low parasitic loads and the similarities to changes in the enteric innervation of mammals with digestive tract parasites. Our results provide additional data to the described neurochemical complexity of O. vulgaris gastric ganglion.

show abstract

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neuronal Networks in the Nervous System of Octopus vulgaris

Ponte¹,

Fiorito

2015

Neuromethods

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity within the brain of oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

Cited by 4 publications

References 62 publications

Designing Brains for Pain: Human to Mollusc

Designing Brains for Pain: Human to Mollusc

The Gastric Ganglion of Octopus vulgaris: Preliminary Characterization of Gene- and Putative Neurochemical-Complexity, and the Effect of Aggregata octopiana Digestive Tract Infection on Gene Expression

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neuronal Networks in the Nervous System of Octopus vulgaris

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About