Distribution of Human Norovirus in the Coastal Waters of South Korea

Kim, Man Su; Koo, Eung Seo; Choi, Yong Seon; Kim, Ji Young; Yoo, Chang Hoon; Yoon, Hyun Jin; Kim, Tae-Ok; Choi, Hyun Bae; Kim, Ji Hoon; Choi, Jong Deok; Park, Kwon-Sam; Shin, Yongsik; Kim, Young‐Mog; Ko, GwangPyo; Jeong, Yong Seok

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163800

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Literature According to EFSA et al (2017), norovirus contamination of seaweed is seen as a potentially emerging hazard. This concern is supported by research showing that the presence of human norovirus in aquatic environments can increase the potential for outbreaks (Kim et al, 2016). However, in the EU, current surveillance and potential underreporting of foodborne norovirus illnesses, as well as its potential risk of illness to consumers, are identified research gaps (Price-Hayward & Hartnell, 2016).…”

Section: 323mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Banach

Hil

Fels‐Klerx

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

136

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Seaweed is a source of protein that can help overcome the anticipated challenges of a growing world population and the current challenges for finding alternatives for animal proteins in the Western diet. Thus far, data on the safety of seaweed for feed and food purposes in the Western world are scattered. This study aimed to review the available knowledge on the presence of food safety hazards in seaweed, including factors influencing their presence, and to prioritize the hazards that may pose a risk to human health. Given current knowledge from the literature, data from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, and results from a stakeholder survey, 22 food safety hazards were ranked into major (4), moderate (5), and minor (13) hazards. Arsenic, cadmium, iodine, and Salmonella were identified as major hazards. Hazards, where data gaps exist, should be carefully assessed. These include pesticide residues, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, marine biotoxins, allergens, micro‐ and nanoplastics, other pathogenic bacteria, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus. It is recommended to collect more data on these hazards in future studies. Many factors can affect the presence of hazards including seaweed type, physiology, season, harvest and cultivation environment, geography including the location of cultivation, alongside further processing. Moreover, when seaweed is cultivated near industrialized or anthropogenic activities, these activities may negatively influence water quality, which can increase the likelihood of hazards in seaweed. Results of the ranking prioritized hazards can be used to prioritize monitoring programs and adjusted given future additional knowledge covering the data gaps.

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Section: 323mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Banach

Hil

Fels‐Klerx

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

136

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“…With application of molecular epidemiology in our investigation, we can confirm the source of the pathogen and provide solid laboratory evidence. Regarding both food-borne and water-borne norovirus outbreaks can be caused by multiple genotypes of norovirus [ 17 ] and the common existence of norovirus in the natural environment such as ground water [ 18 , 19 ], it is often difficult to figure out whether norovirus found in the environment is the causative pathogen of illness in patients. By using phylogenic analysis, we confirmed that the norovirus found from ice and water belonged to the same clusters of genotypes as those found from human samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Norovirus GII.17 was only sporadically reported in ground water before 2014. However, recent studies reported high frequency of GII.17 in ground water in Kenya [ 27 ] and in sewage or costal water in Asian countries including Korea, China and Japan [ 7 , 18 , 28 ]. Outbreaks caused by a new variant of GII.17 have also increased since late 2014 [ 18 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-associated norovirus outbreak predominantly caused by GII.17 in Taiwan, 2015

Cheng¹,

Hung²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundOn 5 March 2015, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control was notified of more than 200 students with gastroenteritis at a senior high school during excursion to Kenting. We conducted an outbreak investigation to identify the causative agent and possible vehicle of the pathogen.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study by using a structured questionnaire to interview all students for consumed food items during their stay at the resort. Students were defined as a gastroenteritis case while having vomiting or diarrhea after the breakfast on 4 March. We inspected the environment to identify possible contamination route. We collected stool or vomitus samples from ill students, food handlers and environmental specimens for bacterial culture for common enteropathogens, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for norovirus and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rotavirus. Norovirus PCR-positive products were then sequenced and genotyped.ResultsOf 267 students enrolled, 144 (54%) met our case definition. Regression analysis revealed elevated risk associated with iced tea, which was made from tea powder mixed with hot water and self-made ice (risk ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.22–1.98). Ice used for beverages, water before and after water filter of the ice machine and 16 stool and vomitus samples from ill students were tested positive for norovirus; Multiple genotypes were identified including GI.2, GI.4 and GII.17. GII.17 was the predominant genotype and phylogenetic analyses showed that noroviruses identified in ice, water and human samples were clustered into the same genotypes. Environmental investigation revealed the ice was made by inadequate-filtered and un-boiled water.ConclusionsWe identified the ice made by norovirus-contaminated un-boiled water caused the outbreak and the predominant genotype was GII.17. Adequately filtered or boiled water should be strongly recommended for making ice to avoid possible contamination.

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“…Additionally, five NoV GI genotypes (1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) and four GII genotypes (1, 2, 7 and 17) were reported to occur in faeces of asymptomatic Mexican children (Garc ıa et al 2006). Even though, detection of multiple genotypes in water environments is common (Kitajima et al 2010;Kim et al 2016), in this study five NoVs genotypes were identified from which only NoV GII 17 was previously reported to occur in the Mexican population (Garc ıa et al 2006). This low relative diversity of NoV genotypes could possibly be explained by a less than optimal number of clones selected for DNA sequencing, however, historically at least eight clones per sample has been recommended based on other environmental studies (Haramoto et al 2018).…”

Section: Sadv -18mentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus and human adenovirus occurrence and diversity in recreational water in a karst aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Rosiles‐González¹,

Ávila‐Torres²,

Moreno‐Valenzuela

et al. 2019

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims To determine the seasonal occurrence and diversity of norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in groundwater from sinkholes, and brackish water used for recreational activities in the karst aquifer of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Methods and results Hollow fibre ultrafiltration was used to concentrate viruses and standard plaque assay methods were used to enumerate somatic and F+ specific coliphages as viral indicators. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to estimate the number of genome copies for NoV strains GI, and GII, and HAdVs. The predominant NoV genotypes and HAdV serotypes were identified by comparative sequence analysis. Somatic and male F+ specific coliphages were detected at concentrations up to 94 and 60 plaque‐forming units per 100 ml respectively. The NoV genogroup I (GI) was associated with 50% of the sampled sites during the rainy season only, at concentrations ranging from 120 to 1600 genome copies per litre (GC l−1). The NoV genogroup II (GII) was detected in 30 and 40% of the sampled sites during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 290 GC l−1. During the rainy and dry seasons, HAdVs were detected in 20% of the sites, at concentrations ranging from 24 to 690 GC l−1. Identification of viral types revealed the presence of NoV GI.2, GII.Pe, GII.P16 and GII.P17, and HAdV F serotypes 40 and 41. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that NoVs and HAdVs are prevalent as virus contaminants in the karst aquifer, representing potential health risks particularly during the rainy season, in one of the most important areas used for tourism in Mexico. Significance and Impact of the Study This is one of the few studies conducted in karst aquifers that provide a foundational baseline of the distribution, concentrations and diversity of NoVs and HadVs in these particular environments.

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Distribution of Human Norovirus in the Coastal Waters of South Korea

Cited by 24 publications

References 56 publications

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Ice-associated norovirus outbreak predominantly caused by GII.17 in Taiwan, 2015

Norovirus and human adenovirus occurrence and diversity in recreational water in a karst aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

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