Distribution of <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> in Japan and in Shinkiang District of China

Yamakawa, Kiyotaka; Kamiya, Shigeru; Nishida, Shoki; Yoshimura, Kiyoto; Yu, He; Lu, Deyuan; Nakamura, Shinichi

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1988.tb01419.x

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…106 As occurs in the United States, 107 in most countries the toxin types of C botulinum that caused cases of infant botulism reflected the geographical distribution of toxin types of C botulinum spores found in that country's environment. [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116] However, some cases with a history of honey exposure were found to be affected by C botulinum toxin types that are not native to their environment. For example, all 4 cases reported in Norway showed a history of honey exposure and were type A, although C botulinum type A has not been found in soil in Norway 111 or in honey produced in Norway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

2008

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Most countries have not yet reported cases of infant botulism. This limited reporting of the disease to date contrasts with the known global occurrence of Clostridium botulinum spores in soils and dust and suggests that infant botulism may be under-recognized, underreported, or both. When bulbar palsies, hypotonia, and weakness are present, physicians should consider the possibility of infant botulism even if the patient has not been fed honey. Publication of additional case reports and surveillance summaries will enhance understanding of the occurrence and extent of this under-recognized disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

2008

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“…The prevalence was 23.5%, and the distribution was not homogeneous among the regions. We observed a great multiplicity of serological types and a higher prevalence in nonvirgin soils than in virgin soils.The geographical distribution of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (BTPC) (7) has been extensively studied in Europe, Asia, and North America (1,2,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26). However, our knowledge concerning the presence of these anaerobes in South America is very restricted.…”

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Distribution of Botulinum Toxin-Producing Clostridia in Soils of Argentina

Lúquez

Bianco

Jong

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We studied the presence of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia in 2,009 soil samples from five geographical regions of Argentina. The prevalence was 23.5%, and the distribution was not homogeneous among the regions. We observed a great multiplicity of serological types and a higher prevalence in nonvirgin soils than in virgin soils.The geographical distribution of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (BTPC) (7) has been extensively studied in Europe, Asia, and North America (1,2,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26). However, our knowledge concerning the presence of these anaerobes in South America is very restricted. In this study our principal aim was to examine the prevalence and distribution of BTPC in soils of Argentina.We examined 2,009 soil samples from Argentina. Because of the vast the territory and the climate and geographical variations, this country was divided into five regions ( Fig. 1 and Table 1). Soil samples were obtained and processed from 1964 until 2002. In each case the time between collection and examination was less than 2 days. Each sample was collected from a 100-cm 2 area by using a sterile metal spoon and then was transferred to a sterile receptacle and stored at room temperature until examination. Soils were classified into two categories: virgin and nonvirgin. Virgin soils were defined as soils that still were in their natural state and had not been used or changed by people. Nonvirgin soils were defined as soils that had been changed by people (cultivated, urbanized, and industrialized soils). Samples were processed by diluting 25 g of soil in 50 ml of a saline solution (0.15 M NaCl). Two aliquots were taken after 40 min of resting. One aliquot was immediately inoculated into chopped-meat medium (6). The other aliquot was subjected to a heat shock (80°C, 10 min) and later was inoculated into chopped-meat medium. After incubation for 5 days at 31°C, broth media were centrifuged at 12,000 ϫ g for 10 min at 4°C, and 0.5 ml was inoculated in duplicate intraperitoneally into mice. Mice were observed for 96 h for characteristic botulinal signs and death (14). Cultures without signs of proteolysis were treated by mixing equal volumes of the culture supernatant and 1% trypsin (1:250; Difco), followed by incubation at 37°C for 1 h. Toxic cultures were cultivated in solid media with 1.5% and 4.0% agar (0.4% meat extract, 1.0% glucose, 4.0% Proteose Peptone, 0.5% NaCl, 1.5% or 4.0% agar [pH 7.2]) and egg yolk agar (3). They were incubated for up to 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, at 34°C in BBL jars with an atmosphere containing 80% N 2 , 10% CO 2 , and 10% H 2 . Selected colonies were transferred to chopped-meat medium and incubated for 4 days at 31°C. The presence of botulinum toxin was investigated in each of these cultures, as described previously. Toxic broth media were cultivated in solid media to ensure that the cultures were pure. Genera were identified by using gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, and sporulated bacilli. Species were not identified. Strains were cultivate...

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“…Finally, detection rates of type C in the rivers examined were similar to those in land soil (20) but lower than those in lake shore soil (16).…”

Section: Survey Of Four Rivers and The Related Mountainous Districtmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…In these investigations soil of sea shore , lakes and rivers were extensively surveyed and a wide distribution of type E throughout Japan was demonstrated (7,9,11,20). In rivers, however, the surveys have been mainly restricted to lower reaches closely related to human behaviors .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum Type E and Coexistence of C. botulinum Nonproteolytic Type B in the River Soil of Japan

Yamakawa

Nakamura

1992

Microbiology and Immunology

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Soil samples from 98 sites in the whole systems of four rivers in Japan were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum . Type E organism was prevalently shown throughout the whole river systems including upper part ; detection rates of type E toxin in soil culture ranged from 33 to 82% . This type was also detected in soil of adjacent mountainous district . Type B and C toxins were detected at 7% and 9% of the sites examined , respectively. C, botulinum type E and nonproteolytic type B strains were isolated from enrichment cultures of soil samples. These results suggest that the terrestrial origin of type E organism would be considered as one of the reasons for the high incidence of this organism in the sea areas, and prove that C. botulinum nonproteolytic type B exists in the soil of Japan .

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Distribution of Clostridium botulinum in Japan and in Shinkiang District of China

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

Distribution of Botulinum Toxin-Producing Clostridia in Soils of Argentina

Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum Type E and Coexistence of C. botulinum Nonproteolytic Type B in the River Soil of Japan

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