Distribution of indium, germanium, gallium and other minor and trace elements in polymetallic ores from a porphyry system: The Morococha district, Peru

Benites, Diego; Torró, Lisard; Vallance, Jean; Laurent, Oscar; Valverde, Pablo E.; Kouzmanov, Kalin; Chelle-Michou, Cyril; Fontboté, Lluı́s

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104236

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In these ternary plots, the Nanmushu sphalerite also falls into the MVT field, which is clearly different from the SEDEX, VMS, and Skarn deposits. [5,13,14,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71]; MVT data are collected from references [3,5,18,30,[41][42][43]50,66,[72][73][74]; SEDEX data are collected from references [75][76][77][78][79]; Skarn data are collected from references [3,5,13,14,67,[80][81][82]; and VMS data are collected from references [3,5,66,83,84].…”

Section: Genesis Of Ore Depositmentioning

confidence: 99%

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

Hui-xin

Cheng

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Nanmushu Zn–Pb deposit is a large-scale and representative deposit in the Mayuan ore field on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. This study investigates the trace element geochemistry of sphalerite from this deposit using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that the main trace elements in sphalerite include various trace elements, such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, Pb, Co, Hg, Tl, In, Sn, and Sb. Among them, Ag, Ge, Cd, and Cu are valuable components that may be recovered during mineral processing or smelting techniques. The histograms, LA-ICP-MS time-resolved depth profiles, and linear scan profiles indicated that most trace elements occur in sphalerite as isomorphs, while partial Pb, Fe, and Ag occur as tiny mineral inclusions. The correlation diagrams of trace elements revealed that Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Tl3+ can substitute Zn2+ in sphalerite through isomorphism. In sphalerite, Cd2+ and Hg2+ together or Mn2+, Pb2+, and Tl3+ together can replace Zn2+, i.e., ((3Mn, 3Pb, 2Tl)6+, 3(Cd, Hg)2+) ↔ 3Zn2+. Moreover, there is a mechanism of Ge4+ with Cu+ or Ga3+ with Cu+ replacing Zn2+ in the Nanmushu deposit, i.e., Ge4+ + 2Cu+↔ 3Zn2+ or 2Ga3+ + 2Cu+↔ 4Zn2+. Furthermore, the trace element compositions indicate that the Nanmushu Zn mineralization occurred under low-temperature conditions (<200 °C) and should be classified as a Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. This study provides new insights into the occurrence and substitution mechanisms of trace elements in sphalerite and the metallogenic constraints of the Nanmushu deposit.

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Section: Genesis Of Ore Depositmentioning

confidence: 99%

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

Hui-xin

Cheng

et al. 2023

Minerals

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“…Sphalerite is volumetrically the most abundant sulfide mineral in both the polymetallic mantos and veins at Ayawilca and therefore represents the main In host at the deposit scale. Effective partitioning of In into sphalerite has been extensively documented (Cook et al 2009(Cook et al , 2011a(Cook et al , 2011bSahlström et al 2017;Bauer et al 2019;Carvalho et al 2018;Torró et al 2019aTorró et al , 2019bBenites et al 2021). Relatively high In content in Fe-rich sphalerite (avg.…”

Section: Mineralogical Expression and Distribution Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology, mineralogy, and cassiterite geochronology of the Ayawilca Zn-Pb-Ag-In-Sn-Cu deposit, Pasco, Peru

et al. 2021

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The Ayawilca deposit in Pasco, Peru, represents the most significant recent base-metal discovery in the central Andes and one of the largest undeveloped In resources globally. As of 2018, it hosts an 11.7 Mt indicated resource grading 6.9% Zn, 0.16% Pb, 15 g/t Ag, and 84 g/t In, an additional 45.0 Mt inferred resource grading 5.6% Zn, 0.23% Pb, 17 g/t Ag, and 67 g/t In, and a separate Sn-Cu-Ag inferred resource of 14.5 Mt grading 0.63% Sn, 0.21% Cu, and 18 g/t Ag. Newly obtained U-Pb dates for cassiterite by LA-ICP-MS (22.77 ± 0.41 and 23.05 ± 2.06 Ma) assign the Ayawilca deposit to the Miocene polymetallic belt of central Peru. The polymetallic mineralization occurs as up to 70-m-thick mantos hosted by carbonate rocks of the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Pucará Group, and subordinately, as steeply dipping veins hosted by rocks of the Pucará Group and overlying Cretaceous sandstones-siltstones of the Goyllarisquizga Group. Relicts of a distal retrograde magnesian skarn and cassiterite (stage pre-A) were identified in the deepest mantos. The volumetrically most important mineralization at Ayawilca comprises a low-sulfidation assemblage (stage A) with quartz, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, Fe-rich sphalerite, and traces of stannite and herzenbergite. Stage A sphalerite records progressive Fe depletion, from 33 to 10 mol% FeS, which is compatible with the observed transition from low-to a subsequent intermediate-sulfidation stage (B) marked by the crystallization of abundant pyrite and marcasite. Finally, during a later intermediate-sulfidation stage (C) sphalerite (up to 11 mol% FeS), galena, native bismuth, Cu-Pb-Ag sulfosalts, siderite, Mn-Fe carbonates, kaolinite, dickite, and sericite were deposited. This paragenetic evolution shows striking similarities with that at the Cerro de Pasco Cordilleran-type polymetallic deposit, even if at Ayawilca stage C did not reach high-sulfidation conditions. The occurrence of an early retrograde skarn assemblage suggests that the manto bodies at Ayawilca formed at the transition between distal skarn and skarn-free (Cordilleran-type) carbonate-replacement mineralization. Mineral assemblages define a T-fS2 evolutionary path close to the pyrrhotite-pyrite boundary. Buffering of hydrothermal fluids by underlying Devonian carbonaceous phyllites of the Excelsior Group imposed highly reduced conditions during stage A mineralization (logfO2 < − 30 atm). The low fO2 favored efficient Sn mobility during stages pre-A and A, in contrast to other known ore deposits in the polymetallic belt of central Peru, in which the occurrence of Sn minerals is minor. Subsequent cooling, progressive sealing of vein walls, and decreasing buffering potential of the host rocks promoted the shift from low-(stage A) to intermediate-sulfidation (stages B and C) states. LA-ICP-MS analyses reveal significant In contents in Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 1.7 wt%), stannite (up to 1908 ppm), and chalcopyrite (up to 1185 ppm). The highest In content was found in stage A sphalerite that precipitated along wi...

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“…In sulfide deposits, Ge and Ga are mainly extracted from sphalerite, in which they are incorporated under certain crystallization conditions and mostly via coupled substitutions (Möller and Dulski 1996;Cook et al 2009;Belissont et al 2014;Cook et al 2015a;Frenzel et al 2016;Liu et al 2022;Luo et al 2022). Sphalerite from MVT deposits is of particular interest because it usually contains the highest Ge contents and, in general, is enriched in both Ge and Ga in comparison to deposits of magmatic-hydrothermal origin (Bernstein 1985;Paradis 2015;Frenzel et al 2016;Shanks et al 2017;Bauer et al 2019;Wei et al 2021;Benites et al 2021. Background information on MVT deposits is available in Sangster (1995), Bradley and Leach (2003), Leach et al (2005Leach et al ( , 2010, Wilkinson (2014), Ostendorf et al (2015), and Saintilan et al (2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germanium- and gallium-rich sphalerite in Mississippi Valley–type deposits: the San Vicente district and the Shalipayco deposit, Peru

et al. 2023

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de 1 Germanium-and gallium-rich sphalerite in Mississippi Valley-type deposits: the San Vicente district and the Shalipayco deposit, Peru

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Distribution of indium, germanium, gallium and other minor and trace elements in polymetallic ores from a porphyry system: The Morococha district, Peru

Cited by 21 publications

References 78 publications

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

Geology, mineralogy, and cassiterite geochronology of the Ayawilca Zn-Pb-Ag-In-Sn-Cu deposit, Pasco, Peru

Germanium- and gallium-rich sphalerite in Mississippi Valley–type deposits: the San Vicente district and the Shalipayco deposit, Peru

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