Distribution of Intraocular Pressure and Its Association with Ocular Features and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Hoehn, René; Mirshahi, Alireza; Hoffmann, Esther M.; Kottler, Ulrike B.; Wild, Philipp S.; Laubert‐Reh, Dagmar; Pfeiffer, Norbert

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.031

Cited by 56 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…There is no consensus on the direction of association between IOP and age in the literature, with studies reporting increasing IOP [14–17], decreasing IOP [5, 8, 18–21] or no association of IOP [22] with older age. Possible reasons for this inconsistency are differential associations by population, or a non-monotonic relationship between age and IOP such that different studies of different aged participants yield different results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations with intraocular pressure across Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

et al. 2016

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Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for developing glaucoma, the second commonest cause of blindness globally. Understanding associations with IOP and variations in IOP between countries may teach us about mechanisms underlying glaucoma. We examined cross-sectional associations with IOP in 43,500 European adults from 12 cohort studies belonging to the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium. Each study conducted multivariable linear regression with IOP as the outcome variable and results were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. The association of standardized study IOP with latitude was tested using meta-regression. Higher IOP was observed in men (0.18 mmHg; 95 % CI 0.06, 0.31; P = 0.004) and with higher body mass index (0.21 mmHg per 5 kg/m2; 95 % CI 0.14, 0.28; P < 0.001), shorter height (−0.17 mmHg per 10 cm; 95 % CI –0.25, −0.08; P < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (0.17 mmHg per 10 mmHg; 95 % CI 0.12, 0.22; P < 0.001) and more myopic refraction (0.06 mmHg per Dioptre; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.09; P < 0.001). An inverted U-shaped trend was observed between age and IOP, with IOP increasing up to the age of 60 and decreasing in participants older than 70 years. We found no significant association between standardized IOP and study location latitude (P = 0.76). Novel findings of our study include the association of lower IOP in taller people and an inverted-U shaped association of IOP with age. We found no evidence of significant variation in IOP across Europe. Despite the limited range of latitude amongst included studies, this finding is in favour of collaborative pooling of data from studies examining environmental and genetic determinants of IOP in Europeans.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0191-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several European population studies have reported IOP data [5–9]. However, individual studies suffer from limited sample size and results may only apply to the geographical region examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations with intraocular pressure across Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

et al. 2016

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“…Generally, large scale cohort or population based studies usually use a non-contact tonometer to measure IOP. Several previous studies such as the Beijing Eye Study in China, the Shihpai Eye Study in Taiwan, and the Gutenberg Health Study in Germany used non-contact air puff devices 6 26 27. Although this method does not evaluate the ocular characteristics associated with IOP, we measured the IOP in both eyes of all the participants twice and measurements within 2 mm Hg of one another were used for more accurate and proper analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High BP and diabetes are well known established risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the positive association between IOP and cardiometabolic risk factors or metabolic syndrome 6 7. Therefore, the relationship between IOP and cardiovascular risk factors raises the possibility that increased IOP may be associated with CVD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular pressure and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women

Chang

Kim

et al. 2015

Br J Ophthalmol

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“…Additional details regarding the study have been published. 24,25 The 5-year follow-up examination of the entire cohort was initiated in April 2012. The assessment of cognitive ability (Tower of London [TOL] test 26 ) was added to the study protocol in April 2012.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

Mirshahi¹,

Ponto

Laubert‐Reh

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To analyze the association between myopia and cognitive performance. METHODS.A cohort of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study included 3819 eligible enrollees between 40 and 79 years. We used the Tower of London (TOL) test to assess cognitive performance. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) À0.5 diopters (D) via noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We conducted linear mixed models with the SE as the dependent variable and the age, sex, duration of education, and TOL score as covariates.RESULTS. Complete data were available for 3452 participants (90.4%). The mean TOL score was 14.0 6 3.9 in the myopes versus 12.9 6 4.0 in the nonmyopes (P < 0.001). The mean TOL score increased with the magnitude of myopia: it was 13.9 6 3.9 in low (less than À3 D); 14.2 6 3.7 in moderate (between À3 and À6 D); and 14.6 6 3.5 in high myopia (À6 D and greater; P < 0.001). Both the duration of education and cognitive performance were correlated with the magnitude of myopia (r ¼ À0.21, P < 0.001 and r ¼ À0.15, P < 0.001, respectively). In a linear mixed model, the duration of education significantly predicted myopia (b ¼ À0.14; t ¼ À7.55; P < 0.001), whereas cognitive performance did not (b ¼ À0.017; t ¼ À1.26; P ¼ 0.207). There was a significant effect of age on the SE (b ¼ 0.049; t ¼ 9.89; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS. When regarded separately, cognitive performance is linked to myopia. However, duration of education, which may be directly related to the risk factors for myopia, is more directly and strongly related to myopia than is cognitive performance. Cognitive ability may be associated with myopia primarily through its impact on level of education.

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Distribution of Intraocular Pressure and Its Association with Ocular Features and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Cited by 56 publications

References 53 publications

Associations with intraocular pressure across Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

Associations with intraocular pressure across Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

Intraocular pressure and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

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