Distribution of iris color and its association with ocular diseases in a rural population of Iran

Hashemi, Hassan; Pakzad, Reza; Yekta, Abbasali; Shokrollahzadeh, Fereshteh; Ostadimoghaddam, Hadi; Mahboubipour, Hassan; Khabazkhoob, Mehdi

doi:10.1016/j.joco.2018.05.001

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…More than 90% had dark brown and medium brown eyes, and nearly one-tenth of the subjects had light eyes (light brown, yellow or green, and gray or blue). Our study findings were quite consistent with the findings of other studies in Iran such as that by Hashemi et al (23), who reported medium brown as the most common eye color in their study in Tehran in 2010 (in Hashemi et al study: 54.09% and in our study: 49.50%) However, our results are significantly different from studies in other countries. Studies on European subjects (5,19).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Based on the results of this study and other studies conducted around the world, it may be argued that the difference in iris color is due to two reasons: first, the method used in our study and Hashemi's study (23), is different from the method used in studies in some other countries (5,9,11,12,19,20), which can justify part of the difference. The second reason, which is the more important reason, is genetic factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Given that iris color changes up to about the age of six years (1) and is almost constant afterwards, determining the most common eye color at this age and its relation to different types of refractive errors and amblyopia can be useful for identifying high-risk groups. Table 3 shows the most common iris color in different studies (5,9,12,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). It should be noted that comparison of the results of studies in this field should be done with caution because studies have used different categorizations in reporting their results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

et al. 2019

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Background:Despite the presence of various reports regarding the association between iris color and some ocular diseases in adults, there is little evidence of such relation in children. Objectives: Determine the distribution of iris color in seven-year-old children in Iran and its relation with refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3414 seven-year-old school children were selected from six cities through multistage random sampling. The iris color in this study was classified into dark brown, medium brown, light brown, yellow, green, gray, and blue. All subjects were examined for visual acuity, refraction, and binocular vision assessment. Results: Of the 3414 selected samples, 3030 children participated in the study (89% response rate). The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 3.03% (2.30 -3.99), 6.20% (4.40 -8.65), and 17.42% (13.30 -22.48), respectively. Amblyopia was detected in 1.85% (1.10 -3.12) and the prevalence of strabismus was 2.50% (1.86 -3.35). Dark brown was the most common iris color at 52.50% (50.06 -54.93) in boys, 46. 07% (43.49 -48.68) in girls, and 49.50% (47.72 -51.28) in the total sample population. According to logistic regression results, the odds ratio (95% CI) of hyperopia was 0.3 (0.15 -0.6) in those with medium brown iris color and 0.23 (0.1 -0.47) in those with dark brown eyes compared to the group with yellow or green iris colors. Conclusions: Approximately 90% of the studied subjects had dark or medium brown eyes. Given that people with yellow or green eyes are at a higher risk of hyperopia, it is recommended that these individuals be given attention in this regard during screening, and the presence of hyperopia be taken into consideration during refraction examinations for these children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

et al. 2019

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“…24 A study of a Middle-Eastern population noted more than 50% of the normal adult population had dark brown irides. 25 The proportion of iris colours is unknown in the Saudi population. Therefore, authors recommend further research on role of laser PI in an Arab population to address damage to posterior segment due to PACG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic angle closure glaucoma: presentation and outcomes at a tertiary eye hospital of Saudi Arabia

Alzuhairy

2018

Int Surg J

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Background: Detection and management of chronic angle closure glaucoma (CACG) differ from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). For general ophthalmologists in institutions with limited resources, timely detection and standard management of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) remains challenging.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with CACG who presented to an eye unit in a hospital in central Saudi Arabia. Data were analyzed over a 5-year period regarding presentation, determinants and management outcomes of clinically diagnosed CACG cases.Results: The study sample was comprised of 102 eyes of 53 CACG patients. Bilateral disease at presentation was diagnosed in 92.4% patients. Nearly half of these patients were hypertensive, and more than one-fourth had diabetes or ocular comorbidities. Eighty eyes (78.4%) had a history of ocular surgery. A closed anterior chamber angle was detected in all eyes. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 18.1±6.0mmHg, with or without medications. IOP greater than 22mmHg was detected in 26 (25.5%) eyes. The median cup-to-disk (CD) ratio was 0.6 [intraquartile range (IQR), 0.4; 0.7]. Laser peripheral iridotomy (PI) was performed in 61 eyes, trabeculectomy in 7 eyes, cataract extraction in 1 eye and combinations glaucoma surgeries in 7 eyes. Ninety-eight eyes had best-corrected visual acuity ≥20/200. The number of glaucoma medications declined significantly following surgery (χ2=32, P< 0.001).Conclusions: Laser PI was the main management modality for CACG in the study area. Goal of preventing blindness in eyes with CACG seems to be achieved.

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“…The methodology of the study was explained in detail elsewhere. 25 26 First, the list of all underserved districts in Iran was provided, and then two were randomly selected in the north (Kojur District, Mazandaran Province) and southwest of Iran (Shahyun District, Khuzestan Province) using national data. Then, using the list of all villages in these districts, 15 villages from Shahyun and 5 villages from Kojur were selected randomly.…”

Section: Ethodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Inequality in Unmet Refractive Error Need in Deprived Rural Population of Iran

Yekta

Hashemi

Pakzad

et al. 2020

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To determine economic inequality in unmet refractive error (RE) need and its determinants in deprived rural population of Iran. Methods: In this population-based study, two villages were randomly selected from among underserved villages of Iran. After selecting the participants, optometric examinations, including uncorrected and corrected visual acuity and subjective and manifest refraction, were done for all the participants. Then, unmet need for glasses was determined. Concentration index (C) was used to assess inequality, and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method was applied to decompose the gap between the two groups based on the determinants. Results: Of 3851 samples, 3314 participated in the study (response rate = 86.05%). The data of 3255 participants were used for analysis. The value of C and 95% confidence interval (CI) was −0.088 (−0.157 to −0.020), indicating a pro-poor inequality in unmet need. The prevalence (95% CI) of unmet need was 11.74% (9.25–14.22) in the poor and 6.51% (4.96–8.06) in the rich, with a gap of about 5% in favor of the rich (P < 0.001). A marked percentage of the gap was due to the explained portion (b = 5.73; P = 0.031). In the explained portion, the variable of economic status (b = 3.48; P = 0.004) and myopia (b = 0.88; P = 0.031) caused inequality in favor of the rich and against the poor, respectively. In the unexplained portion (b = −0.51; P = 0.372), the variables of education (P = 0.002) and place (P = 0.001) had statistically significant effects on inequality. Conclusions: There is a significant pro-poor economic inequality in the prevalence of unmet need in rural areas of Iran. Although part of this inequality is related to variables such as education and myopia, a major portion (two thirds) of this inequality may be due to the direct effect of economic inequality.

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Distribution of iris color and its association with ocular diseases in a rural population of Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

Chronic angle closure glaucoma: presentation and outcomes at a tertiary eye hospital of Saudi Arabia

Economic Inequality in Unmet Refractive Error Need in Deprived Rural Population of Iran

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