Distribution of left coronary artery branches in the African green monkey

Abstract

This study of distribution of the left coronary artery (LCA) in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus) was undertaken in order to determine the coronary artery epicardial network of this terrestrial primate. Insufficient data about these characteristics of LCA is a serious obstacle for widespread use of this species for experimental purposes. A total of 55 hearts from adult monkeys of both sexes (35 females and 25 males) was examined. These hearts were divided into two groups: group A corrosive heart specimens and group B- specimens prepared for micro dissection The blood supply of the Cercopithecus heart is obtaine through two arteries (98%), the left and right coronary artery which originated from corresponding aortic sinuses at the angles characteristic for human coronary arteries. The left coronary artery of Cercopithecus terminated by bifurcation into the ramus interventricularis arterior (RIA) and circumflex artery (RCx). It was possible, as in the human heart, to detect the short (58%) and long (42%) type of circumflex branch. In 24% of cases LCA terminated by trifurcation giving RIA, RCx and RMS (ramus marginalis sinister). RIA had greater caliber than RCx in 58% of cases, whereas both arteries were of equal caliber in 16% and RCx was larger than RIA in 25% of cases. The branch for the sinuatrial node arose from LCA in 14.5% of cases and from RCx in 63.3%. RCx most frequently terminated (56.3%) as a posterior left ventricular branch, less frequently (38.3%) as a posterior interventricular branch, rarely (3.6%) as a posterior right ventricular branch and exceptionally (1.8%) as a left marginal branch. The results of our research clearly suggest great resemblance of the morphology of the left coronary artery distribution in humans and Cercopithecus. Therefore this terrestrial primate can be used as an adequate experimental model for functional studies of the cardiovascular system

The Right Coronary Artery is Absent in the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

“…Similar to that reported in cat (Hadziselimovic et al., 1974; Cerny, 1976; Vladova, 2005), porcupine (Nickel et al., 1981), dog (Getty 1975), Syrian hamsters (Sans‐Coma et al., 1993), North American beaver (Bisaillon, 1981) and African green monkey (Valentina et al., 2003), the left coronary artery in the chinchillas also divides into two branches, the paraconal interventricular and left circumflex rami. On the contrary, it was reported that it gave rise to the left marginis ventricular, left posterior ventricular and septal rami in New Zealand rabbits (Aksoy and Karadag, 2002) or the paraconal interventricular, left marginis ventricular and left circumflex rami in rabbit (Day and Johnson, 1958).…”

Characterization of coronary arteries in Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae)

“…The right and left coronary arteries were present superficially to the epicardium and it was not observed deepening vessels in any of the animals as related in other species Sans Coma et al (1993), Bezerra et al (1985), Machado et al (2002). They are the heart suppliers, beginning in the right and left aortic sinuses, therefore, occupying the atrioventricular and interventricular coronary sulcus (Schummer et al, 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Valentina et al, 2003;Oliveira et al, 2013) including in giant anteaters.…”

“…The heart is an organ with great functional importance, considering that a great amount of the human population suffers from functional problems which might require a transplant or These arteries can vary as to their origin, path and number (Schlesinger et al, 1949;Cervený and Kaman, 1963;Schummer et al, 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Vicentini et al, 1991;Valentina et al, 2003;Olabu et al, 2007;Yuan et al, 2009;Agustin et al, 2010, Srour, 2011Kareem et al, 2014)) and they can be presented completely intramyocardial (Sans Coma et al, 1993) or partially (Bezerra et al,1985 andMachado et al, 2002). In instances where part of the artery is covered by the myocardium, structures called myocardial bridges can be observed and their functions are widely discussed (Berg, 1964 andCorban et al, 2014).…”

“…The right and left coronary arteries emerge from the aorta, each one presenting a single coronary ostium (Schummer et al, 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Ghoshal, 1986, Valentina et al 2003and Oliveira et al, 2013. There are cases in calves and humans with only one coronary artery being responsible for the whole heart's irrigation, presenting only one ostium from the aorta (Cervený andKaman, 1963 andKoizumi et al, 2000) and in the Syrian Hamster and man, where the left coronary artery is absent, presenting only the branches originating from the aorta (Durán et al, 2006 andAjayi et al, 2015).…”

“…The left coronary artery is divided into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch in donkeys (Ozgel et al, 2004), North American beavers ((Bisaillon, 1981), rabbits (Dursun et al, 1996), crab-eating macaques (Buss et al, 1982;Mandarim and Hureau, 1986;Teofilovski-Parapid et al, 1993;Shimada et al, 1994;Teofilovski-Parapid andKreclovi, 1998), ruminants (Schummer et al, 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Oliveira et al, 2013Oliveira et al, ), spotted pacas (Ávila et al, 2009, porcupines (Atalar et al, 2003) and pigs (Moura-Junior et al, 2008), or it can trifurcate into another branch in rodents in a frequency up to 45% (Aikawa and Kawano, 1985;Sans Coma et al, 1993) and green monkey (Valentina et al, 2003). This branch can be named diagonal (Baptista et al, 1991;Moura-Junior et al, 2008;Sahni et al, 2008;Oliveira et al, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2013), ramus marginalis sinister (Valentina et al, 2003), obtuse marginal artery (Durán et al, 2006) or ramus marginis concavi (Yuan et al, 2009).…”