Distribution of Lindane in Water, Sediment, and Fish from the Warri River of the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Abstract

This paper is the first attempt to quantify the levels and the distribution pattern of lindane in the surface water, sediment and fish (Chrysichthys furcatus and Tilapia zilli). The samples were collected from three stations (Ovwian, Ekakpamre, and Ovu) of the Warri River in the western Niger Delta of Nigeria in 2006: during the dry (January-April) and wet seasons (May-August). The analysis included a total of 96 samples made up of 24 samples each for water, sediment, and fish. The pesticide levels were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to elucidate its distribution in various environmental compartments. Residue levels in the matrices ranged from below the detection limit (BDL) to 1.37µg L -1 in water, BDL to 12.66 µg g -1 dry weight (dw) in sediment, BDL to 16.67 µg g -1 dw in Chrysichthys furcatus, and BDL to 0.15 µg g -1 dw in Tilapia zilli .The observed values were above the ecological benchmarks (0.01 µg L -1 ) recommended by the Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and European Union. They were also relatively higher than in previous studies on the Nigerian environment, which calls for regular monitoring of the Niger Delta water bodies.

Risk assessment of agricultural pesticides in water, sediment, and fish from Owan River, Edo State, Nigeria

“…Comparison with previous studies showed that concentrations observed in this study were lower than those reported for the Lagos Lagoon (Adeyemi et al 2011), Ogba, Okoro, andOvia Rivers (Ize-Iyamu et al 2007) and Warri Rivers (Ezemonye et al 2008a). Concentrations observed in this study were higher than those observed in the Niger Delta (Upadhi and Wokoma 2012), the Lagos Lagoon (Adeboyejo et al 2011;Williams 2013), the rivers in the South West Nigeria (Okeniyia et al 2009), the Northern River (Darko and Babayo 2013), and some rivers in Ondo State (Okoya et al 2013).…”

“…However, there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) between the concentrations of pesticide residues observed during the dry season and the wet season. There was a higher concentration of pesticide residues in sediment samples compared to water samples, which indicates the hydrophobic nature of the pesticides detected (Ezemonye et al 2008b;Ezemonye et al 2009;Williams 2013).…”

“…They also tend to bioconcentrate, bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are transferred to higher trophic levels through several food chains, leading to vertebrate and non-vertebrate toxicity in non-target organism and even humans (Nowell et al 1999;Yang et al 2005;Zhou et al 2006;Ize-Iyamu et al 2007;Ogunfowokan et al 2012;Masia et al 2013). Despite this, there is limited data on the distribution of pesticides in various environmental media in Nigeria (Ize-Iyamu et al 2007;Ezemonye et al 2008a;Ezemonye et al 2008b;Ezemonye et al 2009;Okeniyia et al 2009;Adeboyejo et al 2011;Adeyemi et al 2011;Upadhi and Wokoma 2012;Williams 2013). Fishes are often at the frontline of manifesting toxicological effects when exposed to pesticides in aquatic ecosystems (Mahboob et al 2015), hence are suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution.…”

Monitoring and remediation technologies of organochlorine pesticides in drainage water

“…A mixture of methanol and distilled water (30:70) was used as mobile phase under the isocratic elution mode. The fl ow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min and the UV detector wavelength was adjusted to be 202 nm 13 .…”

Pesticides distribution in surface waters and sediments of lotic and lentic ecosystems in Agbede wetlands

“…Organochlorine pesticides are known to be very stable, resistant to natural breakdown, lipo-soluble compounds that are capable of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the fatty parts of biological organisms (Adeyemi et al, 2011;Ogbeide et al, 2015). The health effects of pesticides in man and animals include immune system malfunction, endocrine disruption, breast cancer, irritation, dizziness tremor, toxic and chronic convulsion (Ize-Iyamu et al, 2007;Ezemonye et al, 2009; Adebayejo *Corresponding Author: Dirisu, A.R. Email: dedonrahman10@yahoo.com Adeyemi et al, 2011;Ogbeide et al 2015).…”