“…PACAP and its receptors are widely expressed in the testis (Agnese et al, ; Agnese, Valiante, Rosati, Andreuccetti, & Prisco, ; Arimura et al, ; Rosati et al, , ). First evidence of the presence of PACAP in the testis has been reported in mammals, and, in particular, in rat spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids (Hannibal & Fahrenkrug, ; Shioda et al, ); further investigations confirmed the presence of PACAP in the human testis at the level of spermatogonia and round spermatid (Nakamura et al, ), as well as in mouse epididymal sperm acrosome (Tanii, Aradate, Matsuda, Komiya, & Fuse, ). No evidence of PACAP was reported in somatic cells, that is, Sertoli and Leydig cells (Arimura et al, ; Miyata et al, ; Shioda et al, ).…”