Distribution of retinoids in different compartments of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye

Lai, Yin Lok; Tsin, Andrew; Lam, Kwok Wai; Garcia, John J.

doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90130-3

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The HPLC analyses of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids have also been reported in detail earlier Tsin and Santos 1985;Lai et al 1985). In the present study, saponified esters and alcohols were eluted with 10% dioxane in n-hexane at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, whereas aldehydes were eluted with 12% diethyl ether in n-hexane at the same flow rate.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 77%

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Tsin¹,

Morales²,

Flores³

1986

Can. J. Zool.

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Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the quantity of retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters as well as their 3,4-didehydro derivatives were measured in several body compartments and in the remainder of the body of 11 goldfish. Eighty-six percent of these retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids existed as retinyl and 3,4-didehydroretinyl esters, 10% as retinal and 3,4-didehydroretinal, and 4% as retinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol. Most (94%) of these retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids were found in ocular tissues and high ratios of 3,4-didehydroretinoids/ retinoids were observed in most tissue extracts. These data suggest that in the goldfish ocular tissues are important locations of retinoid and 3,4-didehydroretinoid metabolism, which favors the formation and (or) storage of 3,4-didehydroretinoids.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 77%

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Tsin¹,

Morales²,

Flores³

1986

Can. J. Zool.

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“…The average cell density was (43.0 ± 5.6)AE10 3 cells per well in the 96-well plate and (2.8 ± 0.8)AE10 6…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retinoids—retinol, retinaldehyde and retinyl esters—are vitamin A metabolites that are major constituents in the vertebrate visual cycle (1–4). Light that reaches the rod or cone outer segments in the retina induces photoisomerization of 11‐ cis ‐retinal, a visual chromophore combined with rhodopsin to all‐ trans ‐retinal, which accumulates in the photoreceptor outer segments (4–6). Most of the all‐ trans ‐retinal (atRal) is released from opsin into the disk lumen (5), after which the chromophore is transported from the inside of disk membranes into the cytoplasm (5,7) by the photoreceptor specific ATP‐binding cassette transporter (ABCA4/ABCR) (5,8,9) localized in the rim of the photoreceptor disk (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of A2E Cytotoxicity and Phototoxicity with all‐trans‐Retinal in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells^†

Wielgus

Chignell

Ceger

et al. 2010

Photochem & Photobiology

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All-trans-retinal is the precursor of A2E, a fluorophore within lipofuscin, which accumulates in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells and contributes to age-related macular degeneration. Here we have compared the in vitro dark cytotoxicity and visible-light-mediated photoreactivity of all-trans-retinal and A2E in hRPE cells. All-trans-retinal caused distinct cytotoxicity in hRPE cells measured with MTS and LDH assays. Significant increases in intracellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG), extracellular GSH and GSSG levels and lipid hydroperoxide production were observed in cells incubated in the dark with 25 and 50 μM all-trans-retinal. Light modified all-trans-retinal's harmful action and decreased extracellular glutathione and hydroperoxide levels. A2E (<25 μM) did not affect cell metabolism or cytoplasmic membrane integrity in the dark or when irradiated. 25 μM A2E raised the intracellular GSSG level in hRPE cells to a much smaller extent than 25 μM all-trans-retinal. A2E did not induce glutathione efflux or hydroperoxide generation in the dark or after irradiation. These studies support our previous conclusions that although A2E may be harmful at high concentrations or when oxidized, its phototoxic properties are insignificant compared to those of all-trans-retinal. The endogenous production of A2E may serve as a protective mechanism to prevent damage to the retina by free all-trans-retinal.

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“…Both the retinoid and the protein form a visual chromophore—rhodopsin. Light that reaches the retina induces photoisomerization of 11‐ cis ‐retinal to all‐ trans ‐retinal (atRal) (48,138,141–143). Most of atRal is released from rhodopsin into the disk lumen (142).…”

Section: All‐trans‐retinalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Photodamage by Endogenous and Xenobiotic Agents^†

Wielgus

Roberts

2012

Photochem & Photobiology

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The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Light transmission through the eye is fundamental to its unique biological functions of directing vision and circadian rhythm and therefore light absorbed by the eye must be benign. However, exposure to the very intense ambient radiation can pose a hazard particularly if the recipient is over 40 years of age. There are age-related changes in the endogenous (natural) chromophores (lipofuscin, A2E and all-trans-retinal derivatives) in the human retina that makes it more susceptible to visible light damage. Intense visible light sources that do not filter short blue visible light (400-440 nm) used for phototherapy of circadian imbalance (i.e. seasonal affective disorder) increase the risk for age-related light damage to the retina. Moreover, many drugs, dietary supplements, nanoparticles and diagnostic dyes (xenobiotics) absorb ocular light and have the potential to induce photodamage to the retina, leading to transient or permanent blinding disorders. This article will review the underlying reasons why visible light in general and short blue visible light in particular dramatically raises the risk of photodamage to the human retina.

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Distribution of retinoids in different compartments of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Comparison of A2E Cytotoxicity and Phototoxicity with all‐trans‐Retinal in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells^†

Retinal Photodamage by Endogenous and Xenobiotic Agents^†

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Distribution of retinoids in different compartments of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Distribution of retinoids and 3,4-didehydroretinoids in the goldfish

Comparison of A2E Cytotoxicity and Phototoxicity with all‐trans‐Retinal in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells†

Retinal Photodamage by Endogenous and Xenobiotic Agents†

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Product

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Comparison of A2E Cytotoxicity and Phototoxicity with all‐trans‐Retinal in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells^†

Retinal Photodamage by Endogenous and Xenobiotic Agents^†