Distribution of several organophosphorus insecticides and their oxygen analogs in a foggy atmosphere

Glotfelty, Dwight E.; Majewski, Michael S.; Seiber, James N.

doi:10.1021/es00073a010

Cited by 96 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…Low-dose chronic exposure can lead to the same effects, and a host of neurological symptoms such as impaired memory, disorientation, and delayed reaction times (Kamrin, 1997). While both diazinon and chlorpyrifos are thiophosphate insecticides, rather than strict OPs, both are oxidized to the corresponding OP (e.g., diazoxon) in the environment (Glotfelty et al, 1990), and these OP forms are highly toxic and exhibit about 10,000 times higher acetyl cholinesterase inhibition (Fujii and Asaka, 1982). Diazinon use in the garden or orchard has been associated with increased incidence of brain cancer in children, relative to cancer controls and adjusted for exposure to tobacco smoke, income, and education (Davis et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Gordon

Callahan

Nishioka

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

122

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A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and diazinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co-located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1±1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 g /m 3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (g /g or g /m 2 ) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 g /g and 0.015 g /m 2 ; Spearman=0.644 g /g and 0.578 g /m 2 ). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Gordon

Callahan

Nishioka

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

122

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“…For example, limits of detection (LOD) between 0.05 and 0.5 ng/ml were reached using thin layer chromatography (TLC) [8]; also high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with LOD [9]. In addition, gas chromatography (GC) coupled to nitrogen/phosphorous (NPD) [10][11], atomic emission (AED) [13], electron capture (ECD) [13] or flame photometric detectors (FPD) [14], have also been applied for the determination of chlorpyrifos.…”

Section: Chlorpyrifos[oo-diethyl-o-356-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphormentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC Methods for Quantitative Determination of Chlorpyrifos

Zalat

Elsayed

Fayed

et al. 2013

ILCPA

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A specific and sensitive HPLC and UV spectrophotometric methodwere developed for determination and analysis of chlorpyrifos. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 150 mm x 10 mm I.D. reversed phase column Zorbax SB C-18. usingdeionizedwater: acetonitrile in the ratio of 10:90 v/v respectively as mobile phase. The effluent was monitored at 290 and 230 nm. Two sharp peaks were obtained for the solvent and chlorpyrifos at 2.7 and 3.45 min respectively. UV spectrophotometric method was performed at 290 nm using Isopropanol as the solvent. Linear range was 0.025-3500 ppm (r 2 = 0.9986 ±0.0009) for HPLC method and 2.229 to 200 ppm (r 2 = 0.9988) for UV spectrophotometric method. Validation guidelines and statistical analysis showed that both the methods were precise, accurate, sensitive, and can be used for the routine quality control of chlorpyrifos in waste discharges

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“…It is recognised that dry deposition, i.e. as particulate matter, generally accounts for a relatively small part of the total deposition of pesticides from the atmosphere [49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Deposition Of Pesticides From the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Distribution of several organophosphorus insecticides and their oxygen analogs in a foggy atmosphere

Cited by 96 publications

References 10 publications

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Validation of UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC Methods for Quantitative Determination of Chlorpyrifos

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

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