Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs

Trebbien, Ramona; Larsen, Lars Erik; Viuff, Birgitte

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-434

Cited by 116 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…However, if the location of avian influenza receptors is taken into consideration, the lack of LPAI virus in the nasal passages may be an accurate observation. In the pig, avian influenza sialic acid receptors were found mainly in the lungs and lower airway and absent in the upper respiratory tract 22, 23. Another factor may be the infectious dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Balzli

Lager

Vincent

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThe ability of pigs to become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and then generate mammalian adaptable influenza A viruses is difficult to determine. Yet, it is an important link to understanding any relationship between LPAI virus ecology and possible epidemics among swine and/or humans.ObjectivesAssess susceptibility of pigs to LPAI viruses found within the United States and their direct contact transmission potential.MethodsPigs were inoculated with one of ten H5 or H7 LPAI viruses selected from seven different bird species to test infectivity, virulence, pathogenesis, and potential to transmit virus to contact pigs through histological, RRT‐PCR and seroconversion data.ResultsAlthough pigs were susceptible to infection with each of the LPAI viruses, no clinical disease was recognized in any pig. During the acute phase of the infection, minor pulmonary lesions were found in some pigs and one or more pigs in each group were RRT‐PCR‐positive in the lower respiratory tract, but no virus was detected in upper respiratory tract (negative nasal swabs). Except for one group, one or more pigs in each LPAI group developed antibody. No LPAI viruses transmitted to contact pigs.Conclusions LPAI strains from various bird populations within the United States are capable of infecting pigs. Although adaptability and transmission of individual strains seem unlikely, the subclinical nature of the infections demonstrates the need to improve sampling and testing methods to more accurately measure incidence of LPAI virus infection in pigs, and their potential role in human‐zoonotic LPAI virus dynamics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Balzli

Lager

Vincent

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…We propose that low polymerase activity in pig cells is responsible in part for the low viral titers usually obtained from swine infected with avian influenza virus (10,30,127) and, as a consequence, could also be a contributing factor in inefficient virus spread. Several recent reports indicated that sialic acid receptor distributions in the respiratory tracts of pigs and humans are indeed similar (29)(30)(31), challenging the theory of the pig as a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortants. The avian influenza virus receptor (NeuAc␣2,3Gal) was found only in bronchioles and alveoli, not in the trachea, emphasizing the resemblance between the two species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The apparent susceptibility of pigs to both avian and human influenza virus infections may be explained by the presence of receptors for both types of viruses in the upper respiratory tract of pigs (23). However, more recent publications have challenged that notion (29)(30)(31). Another major host range restriction is exerted in the nucleus of the infected cell, where the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) must interact with cellular cofactors in order to replicate and transcribe the viral genome (reviewed in reference 32).…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Pig Cells

Moncorgé

Long

Cauldwell

et al. 2013

J Virol

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bReassortant influenza viruses with combinations of avian, human, and/or swine genomic segments have been detected frequently in pigs. As a consequence, pigs have been accused of being a "mixing vessel" for influenza viruses. This implies that pig cells support transcription and replication of avian influenza viruses, in contrast to human cells, in which most avian influenza virus polymerases display limited activity. Although influenza virus polymerase activity has been studied in human and avian cells for many years by use of a minigenome assay, similar investigations in pig cells have not been reported. We developed the first minigenome assay for pig cells and compared the activities of polymerases of avian or human influenza virus origin in pig, human, and avian cells. We also investigated in pig cells the consequences of some known mammalian host range determinants that enhance influenza virus polymerase activity in human cells, such as PB2 mutations E627K, D701N, G590S/Q591R, and T271A. The two typical avian influenza virus polymerases used in this study were poorly active in pig cells, similar to what is seen in human cells, and mutations that adapt the avian influenza virus polymerase for human cells also increased activity in pig cells. In contrast, a different pattern was observed in avian cells. Finally, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 polymerase activity was tested because this subtype has been reported to replicate only poorly in pigs. H5N1 polymerase was active in swine cells, suggesting that other barriers restrict these viruses from becoming endemic in pigs.

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“…Later studies revealed that viruses infect more than one type of cell, that some cells express more than one type of receptor, 48,68,140 and that after virus entry, cells may cease to express receptors. 142 In the in vitro studies, removal of sialic acid residues with neuraminidase did not prevent infection, 38,43,140 and virus infection of cells with few or no recognized receptors has been reported. 106 In 2 studies, virus attachment did not always correlate with efficient virus replication.…”

Section: Hemagglutinin and Host Cell Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent receptor studies on the respiratory tracts of humans and swine have revealed very similar distribution patterns, suggesting that avian viruses could just as readily infect the human respiratory tract as the swine respiratory tract, negating the need of the pig as an intermediate host. 142,147 Avian and human viruses do not readily infect swine, 77 but infection of pigs with intact avian and human viruses has been reported. 77,85 The presence of avian-and human-origin genes in the triple reassortants that comprise most of the influenza viruses currently circulating in swine also provides evidence for such infections.…”

Section: Cross-species Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Janke

2013

Vet Pathol

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Influenza has been recognized as a respiratory disease in swine since its first appearance concurrent with the 1918 ''Spanish flu'' human pandemic. All influenza viruses of significance in swine are type A, subtype H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 viruses. Influenza viruses infect epithelial cells lining the surface of the respiratory tract, inducing prominent necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis and variable interstitial pneumonia. Cell death is due to direct virus infection and to insult directed by leukocytes and cytokines of the innate immune system. The most virulent viruses consistently express the following characteristics of infection: (1) higher or more prolonged virus replication, (2) excessive cytokine induction, and (3) replication in the lower respiratory tract. Nearly all the viral proteins contribute to virulence. Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian viruses, which often results in gene reassortment between these viruses and endemic swine viruses. The receptors on the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract are major determinants of infection by influenza viruses from other hosts. The polymerases, especially PB2, also influence cross-species infection. Methods of diagnosis and characterization of influenza viruses that infect swine have improved over the years, driven both by the availability of new technologies and by the necessity of keeping up with changes in the virus. Testing of oral fluids from pigs for virus and antibody is a recent development that allows efficient sampling of large numbers of animals.Keywords influenza virus, swine, pathogenesis, cytokines, apoptosis, virulence, cross-species infection, hemagglutinin, receptors, polymerases, diagnosisThe evolution and epidemiology of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine have been integrally tied to the segmented nature of the genome of the virus, which facilitates gene reassortment, and to the adaptability of these genes through mutation, which sometimes facilitates replication in a new host. 8,19,77,85,89 Influenza was first recognized as a respiratory disease entity in swine during the 1918 human Spanish flu pandemic. 67 The virus was not isolated until 1931, when nasal discharge from pigs was inoculated into ferrets and subsequently into embryonated chicken eggs. 129 In 1933, a similar virus was recovered from humans with this technique. 131 The viruses were essentially identical and served as the prototype for type A subtype H1N1 influenza viruses.All influenza viruses of significance that infect swine are type A viruses, defined by the highly conserved internal nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. Influenza A virus subtypes are based on the external hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. The predominant viruses in swine populations in different parts of the world may have genes of different origin, even though the subtypes may be similar. 10,73,171 The original classic H1N1 swine influenza virus, which remained the predominant influenza virus in North American swine populations for nearl...

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Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs

Cited by 116 publications

References 43 publications

Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Investigation of Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Pig Cells

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

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