Distribution of Sialic Acids in the Milk of Spanish Mothers of Full Term Infants During Lactation

Abstract

In human milk from Spanish women we observed slightly different values than those previously reported. This could be a result of population differences but nutritional or methodological aspects can not be discarded.

Sialic acid (N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and ganglioside in whey protein concentrates and infant formulae

“…The content of total SA found in the analyzed HM (see Table 4) is close to that reported by Neeser et al (1991) for HM up to the fourth month of lactation, but lower than that published by Martín-Sosa et al (2004) on day 28e32 of lactation, and higher than that recorded by Carlson (1985) on day 20e28 of lactation (see Table 1). Recently, Wang (2009), in a general review on SA, pointed out great variability in the total SA contents in HM, related to genetic, geographic and dietetic factors of lactating mothers.…”

“…No data on specific forms of SA (Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc) in human milk (HM) have been found in the literature, and only a few studies have been made in the milk of other mammalian species (Puente & Hueso,1993;Spichtig, Michaud, & Austin, 2010;Tang, Liang, Cai, & Mou, 2008). In this context, gangliosides also decrease their content and change their profile: from 7.3 mg L À1 distributed as GD 3 (Neu5Aca2,8Neu5Aca2,3Galb1,4Glc-Cer) 70% and GM 3 (Neu5-Aca2,3Galb1,4Glc-Cer) 9% (colostrum) to 4.0 mg L À1 distributed as GD 3 9% and GM 3 85% (mature milk of 390 days of lactation) (Iwamori, Takamizawa, Momoeda, Iwamori, & Taketani, 2008;Martín-Sosa et al, 2004;Takamizawa, Iwamori, Mutai, & Nagai, 1986).…”

“…Several studies have pointed out the variation of SA and gangliosides during the lactation period. Total SA ranges from 1546.4 mg L À1 (colostrum) to 91.0 mg L À1 (mature milk) (Carlson, 1985;Martín-Sosa, Martín, García-Pardo, & Hueso, 2004;Neeser, Golliard, & Del Vedovo, 1991;Wang, Brand-Miller, McVeagh, & Petocz, 2001). No data on specific forms of SA (Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc) in human milk (HM) have been found in the literature, and only a few studies have been made in the milk of other mammalian species (Puente & Hueso,1993;Spichtig, Michaud, & Austin, 2010;Tang, Liang, Cai, & Mou, 2008).…”

Terminal glycotope expression on milk fibronectin differs from plasma fibronectin and changes over lactation

“…The decrease of sialylation is reported to be a general trend over lactation [27,28] and overlaps with the decrease of total as well as protein-bound sialic acid over lactation [28,29]. The high α1,6-fucosylation is a general feature for human milk glycoconjugates [25], and the α1,6-linked fucose was highly expressed on milk FN glycan (Table 1, Fig.…”

Lactational changes in concentration and distribution of ganglioside molecular species in human breast milk from Chinese mothers

“…A number of studies have reported ganglioside concentrations in HBM for different population groups, ranging from as low as 1.7 mg l -1 [8] to as high as 23.8 mg l -1 [9]. This variation in concentration has been attributed to differences among the various extraction and analytical methodologies used for measuring these gangliosides, population demographics, diet, time of sampling and study protocol [10][11][12].…”