Distribution of some potentially toxic elements in the soils of the Jharia Coalfield: A probabilistic approach for source identification and risk assessment

Abstract

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in coal mining soil degrade soil quality and adversely affect people's health. The increasing mining activities in the Jharia Coalfield (JCF) may increase the concentration of PTEs in soils. Therefore, it is vital to have an indepth analysis of land degradation caused by them, but there is a lack of accurate and efficient methods to estimate land degradation and health risk analysis in JCF.Therefore, finite mixture distribution model (FMDM), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Monte Carlo simulation were applied to Jharia's PTEs dataset. The FMDM was employed to distinguish the background concentration and the contamination due to anthropogenic activity. In addition, the contribution of the source was determined through PMF. The FMDM suggested two possible sources of PTEs, while the PMF defines the influence of PTEs more broadly and identifies three sources of PTEs in soil. The results showed that PTEs contribution by a natural source, coal mining, and atmospheric deposition accounted for 45.72%, 27.34%, and 26.94%, respectively. Based on health risk results, this region does not pose a noncarcinogenic risk, but it does pose a carcinogenic risk, especially to infants. JCF comprises a relatively low concentration of PTEs as compared with other possible values for India. Probabilistic health risk assessment studies are scarce for Indian soils, especially in mining areas. In combination, these approaches will provide deeper insights and help identify potential solutions for PTEs contamination in these areas.finite mixture distribution model, health risk assessment, Jharia Coalfield, Monte Carlo simulation, potentially toxic elements | INTRODUCTIONSoil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has always been a concern for the environment, as their rising concentration has shown toxic effects on flora and fauna (Siddiqui et al., 2020). The natural background input of these metals into the soil is through the weathering of parent rocks. While the ever-growing human activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, mining, traffic emissions, and so on, are some of its anthropogenic sources (Chen et al., 2016;Huang et al., 2015). There are tpically more than 80 elements in coal, of which over 20 trace elements are hazardous (Swaine & Goodarzi, 1995), and they may be released into the environment through coal mining and related activities (Kang et al., 2011). Over the next several decades, it is anticipated that coal will continue to be a major source of energy in many developing countries, including India (Finkelman et al., 2002), resulting in the opening of new mines and accelerating land degradation, so the basis of pollution control, identification of sources, and estimation of health risks associated with PTEs are particularly significant (Lv & Liu, 2019).