Distribution of Tellurium in Free-cutting Steels

Smith, Tyler B.; Clayton, D.

doi:10.1038/198380a0

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although Te treatment technology can be traced back to the 1960s, [ 81 ] as far as authors’ knowledge, many thermodynamic properties related to Te treatment are still unclear, such as Gibbs free energy of MnTe formation, interaction coefficient of Te with other elements, partition coefficient of Te during solidification, and solid solubility formula for MnTe, diffusion coefficient of Te in steel, which limits the further development of Te treatment to more special steels. However, the materials genome initiative (MGI) has advanced a new paradigm for material discovery and design, namely, that new material development could be accelerated through complementary efforts in theory, computation, and experimentation.…”

Section: Industrial Application Of Te Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tian

et al. 2022

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 1782, Franz-Joseph Müller von Richenstein, a chemist, discovered a rare element with properties similar to those of selenium (Se). In 1798, Martin H. Klaproth, a German chemist, rediscovered this semi-metallic substance and named it tellurium (Te). [1] Te is mainly concentrated in scattered telluride minerals, sulfide mineral structure of most gold deposits, and bismuth tailings. However, in nature, Te appears in quantities that are considered negligible [2] and is mainly extracted from the ore. Generally, concentrations of 1% to 4% Te can be recovered from the anode slime of an electrolytic copper (Cu) refinery. [3] It has been reported that seafloor ferromanganese nodules are rich in Te; however, the recovery of seafloor minerals is still in its infancy. [3] In organic chemistry, Te can also be produced by the reaction of organic matter with metal compounds of Te. [4] Te plays an important role in chemicals, electronics, inorganic nonmetallic materials, metallurgy, and other industries. [5][6][7][8] Tellurides are considered excellent materials for thermoelectric technologies. [9][10][11][12][13] Te is also widely used nonferrous metallurgy and iron and steel metallurgy. Te can significantly improve the properties of Cu-, tin (Sn)-, and lead (Pb)-based alloys, steels, and cast irons. In the iron and steel metallurgical industry, Te is usually utilized as an added element in steels to refine the grains, regulate the morphology and occurrence state of sulfides in steels, and improve the mechanical properties of steels. [14,15] Te is widely used to increase the machinability of steels. Therefore, Te-bearing steel is typically used to manufacture parts with high precision, high surface quality, and rapid cutting. The forms of Te in different type of steel vary. In addition to the usual states of Fe 1.2 Te and MnTe, [16,17] PbTe [18] is formed in Pb-alloyed steels; Cr 2 Te 3 , [19,20] stainless steels; and CuTe, Cu-alloyed steels. [21] In addition, composite particles formed by telluride and sulfide have been reported in Te-treated sulfur (S)-bearing steel. [22][23][24] In recent years, Te has been added to S-bearing steels, such as free-cutting steel and medium-carbon microalloyed steel, also called nonquenched and tempered steel (NQTS) in China, to reduce the aspect ratio of sulfide and the anisotropy of steel. [23,24]

show abstract

Section: Industrial Application Of Te Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tian

et al. 2022

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Te has very low solubility in steel matrix at room temperature, [ 8,9 ] and mainly exists in the form of inclusion. However, different Te contents may act in different ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the High‐Temperature Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in Te‐Treated Resulfurized Special Steel

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2021

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Te can effectively modify MnS inclusion to improve the anisotropy and machinability of steel. To figure out the mechanism of high‐temperature evolution and formation of inclusions, a high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscope is used to in situ observe the performance of inclusions. In the steel with 22 ppm Te, Te mainly dissolves in MnS; no MnTe is generated. During the heating process, MnS inclusion remains solid state and no obvious phase change can be observed. In comparison, MnS–MnTe binary inclusion in the steel with 680 ppm Te forms a liquid phase due to the eutectic melting. The further increase of temperature causes the serious evaporation of Te. Based on scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectrometry analysis and in situ observation of inclusions at high temperature, the formation mechanism of inclusions during solidification is proposed.

show abstract

“…The solubility of Te in steel is very small [7,8], even at 833 • C and the solubility of Te in α-Fe is only 1.5 at % [9]. At room temperature, the solubility can be nearly ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Tellurium on the Formation of MnTe-MnS Composite Inclusions in Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel

Shen

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Te is a seldom-used alloying element, which is mainly used in free-machining steel. The Te content in this kind of steel is relatively low, and only a small amount of MnTe is generated. In previous studies, the effect of Te on the formation of inclusions was not fully studied. In order to clarify the mechanism, different amounts of tellurium were added into 38MnVS6 steel to form a certain amount of MnTe. The MnTe wrapped the MnS, forming a composite inclusion. With the increase of Te content in the steel, the diameter of inclusion increased, while the aspect ratio of inclusion varied little. The aspect ratio of most inclusions was in the range of 1~3. Besides, the MnS in the MnTe-MnS composite inclusions gradually changed from one big particle to several small particles. The solidification of the steel, as well as the precipitation of MnS and MnTe, was the main factor that affecting the formation of the composite inclusion. The mechanism of the process was systematically expressed in the current study.

show abstract

Distribution of Tellurium in Free-cutting Steels

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Study on the High‐Temperature Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in Te‐Treated Resulfurized Special Steel

The Effect of Tellurium on the Formation of MnTe-MnS Composite Inclusions in Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About