Distribution of Three Verticillium dahliae Races in Coastal California and Evaluation of Resistance in Lettuce

Abstract

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating soilborne diseases of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). There are three races of V. dahliae and each race has been characterized by markers representing race-specific effectors. Race 1 is differentiated by the presence of the functional secretory Ave1 effector. Similarly, races 2 and 3 are differentiated by effectors VdR2e and VdR3e, respectively. While the presence of race 1 in coastal California was well-established, the presence of effector-based races 2 and 3 was uncertain. This study therefore focused on characterizing 727 isolates collected from 142 ranches of symptomatic lettuce and other crops from coastal California. Based on this evaluation, 523 isolates were designated as race 1, 20 isolates as race 2, 23 isolates as race 3, and 17 as race undefined. Isolates representing other Verticillium species totaled 110, and 34 were non-Verticillium fungal species. Since the use of resistant cultivars is a key strategy to manage this disease, we evaluated 48 lettuce germplasm lines and one endive (Cichorium endivia L.) line, comprised of commercial cultivars (cv.) and breeding lines, including the race 1-resistant heirloom cv. La Brillante and the susceptible cv. Salinas as controls. Resistance against races 1, 2, and 3 along with VdLs17, a virulent isolate of V. dahliae from lettuce that is currently not assigned to a race was evaluated in replicated greenhouse experiments. Two crisphead lettuce lines, HL28 and HL29, exhibited resistance against race 1 and a partial resistance against race 2 while all other lines were highly susceptible to races 1 and 2 and VdLs17. The majority of lines exhibited higher resistance to race 3 relative to the other two races. This study documents the current distribution of the different races in coastal California. In addition, the sources of resistance currently being developed should be effective or partially effective against these races for targeted deployment as soon as they are available. Keywords: Lactuca sativa, avirulence, effectors, host resistance, disease severity