Distribution of trace components downstream of autothermal gas reforming processes

High temperature production of hydrogen: Assessment of non-renewable resources technologies and emerging trends

“…It important to note that the process efficiency of steam reforming largely depend on some factors such as reactor configuration, the nature of applied catalyst, the selectivity of the membranes for further purification of product gas, the process parameters and variables like temperature, pressure and reactor volume [8,15,16]. The endothermic reaction implies that it requires heat supply to the process from external firing or direct-flame-heat [2,16]. These reactions (1a, 1b and 1c) can be further summarized into series of chemical reactions with example of typical hydrocarbon like methane (CH 4 ), liquid hydrocarbons as well as alcohols.…”

“…Commercially, steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most extensive method to produce hydrogen with conversion efficiency in the range of 74e85% [17,18]. The raw hydrocarbon feedstock is mostly light hydrocarbons in this case; natural gas with methane as the major component and the remaining hydrocarbons in the natural gas could be ethane, propane and butane [16].…”

“…Reaction (2) and (3) are typical representation of equation (1a), which provides the highest molar ratio of H 2 /CO (i.e. 3:1) and is desirable in syngas generation processes [16,19]. The primary gas produced is mainly composed of CO and H 2 with some CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 and other trace components in residual amount [16,20].…”

“…3:1) and is desirable in syngas generation processes [16,19]. The primary gas produced is mainly composed of CO and H 2 with some CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 and other trace components in residual amount [16,20]. In addition, reaction (2) and (3) are different forms of steam methane reforming, which could take place in the presence of a catalyst (nickel on alumina support or others) [8].…”

“…Furthermore, in order to increase the amount of H 2 , the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) is carried out. This is to reduce the CO to form an equimolar mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen [16]. This step (reaction (4)) is necessary but only when preference is given to the production of more H…”