Distribution uniformity in drip units applying dilutions of treated water produced by oil exploration

Abstract

<jats:p>ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution in drip units applying dilutions of treated water produced by oil exploration. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design in a split-split-plot scheme, with three replicates. The plots were composed of the treatments P0 - 100% groundwater, control; P10 - 90% groundwater and 10% produced water; P20 - 80% groundwater and 20% produced water; P30 - 70% groundwater and 30% produced water; and P40 - 60% groundwater and 40% produced water; the subplots had the types of non-pressure compensating drippers (D1 - 1.6 L h-1, Netafim Super Typhoon, D2 - 1.6 L h-1, Netafim Streamline and D3 - 1.7 L h-1, NaanDanJain TalDrip); and the sub-subplots contained the evaluation times (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 h). Distribution uniformity and statistical uniformity coefficients were evaluated every 40 h, until completing 160 h. The pH of the dilutions was the attribute posing the highest risk of clogging to the emitters. Also in relation to dilutions, P40 caused greater application non-uniformity in D2, while the highest values of application uniformity were achieved in treatments P10 and P20 with D1 and D3, indicating the effectiveness of dilution in minimizing clogging.</jats:p>

Entupimento e modificação da vazão de emissores aplicando diluição de água produzida de petróleo tratada

“…O valor médio do pH do presente estudo foi semelhante a média de 7,56 encontrada por Miranda et al (2016) A média de SST presente na água produzida tratada do presente trabalho foi superior a média de 10,6 mg L -1 apresentada por Dickhout et al (2017). Analisando o valor médio de SST observou-se que, apesar das coletas das amostras terem sido realizadas após o sistema de filtragem, o risco de obstrução de gotejadores foi classificado como moderado (50 mg L -1 < SST < 100 mg L -1 ) por Bucks, Nakayama e Gilbert (1979), indicando que a água produzida, apesar de diluída em água subterrânea, apresentava uma grande quantidade de sedimentos; divergindo do resultado encontrado por Vale et al (2020) que obtiveram baixo risco de obstrução para o atributo SST, pelo fato da geologia de Jucuri-RN ser diferente de Upanema-RN.…”

“…A diluição da água produzida em água subterrânea é uma alternativa que minimiza a obstrução de emissores não autocompensantes. No trabalho realizado por Vale et al (2020) constatou-se, mitigação do entupimento, nas diluições de 10% de água produzida em 90% de água subterrânea e de 20% de água produzida em 80% de água subterrânea. A alternativa da diluição em água produzida tratada está relacionada à possibilidade de minimização dos efeitos de redução da qualidade do solo e do desempenho agronômico das plantas, além dos efeitos adversos ao ambiente (MILLER et al, 2020).…”

June 2021

“…3 shows the bench test. The three-labyrinth-type and non-self-compensating drippers were chosen for their lowest clogging rates, highly commercialized in Brazil as shown in Table 4 (adapted from Vale et al, 2020). Produced water was retrieved from a petroleum-producing company on the Potiguar Basin, close to Jucuri RN Brazil, rural area in the municipality of Mossoró, Brazil.…”

“…The ASAE EP 405 standard proposes the following classification for FCV values: less than 10%, good; between 10 and 20%, reasonable; and greater than 20%, unacceptable (Asabe, 2008). Dilution samples for each treatment were collected by the end of each evaluation for physical and chemical analyses as shown in Table 5 adapted from Vale et al (2020). Samples were sent to the Laboratory of Soil, Water and Plant Analyses (LASAP) of UFERSA: pH was determined by pH-meter; electric conductivity (EC) was determined by conductivity-meter; calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) were determined by titrimetric method.…”

“…Characteristics of non-self-compensating drippers used in the assays: nominal flow rate (F), filtration area (FA), length of labyrinth (LL), operating pressure range (OPR) and spacing between emitters (SE) adapted fromVale et al (2020).…”