Distributions of Development Centers in Reduction-Sensitized Silver Bromide Grains

Spencer, H. E.; Brady, L. E.; Hamilton, J. F.

doi:10.1364/josa.57.001020

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…At another type of site, known as an R center, an Ag 2 dimer cluster is formed by reduction sensitization (the weak reduction of silver halide microcrystals) and destroyed by reaction with a positive hole during exposure to light. 11 The existence of these two configurations of dimers was detected by measurement of the photoconductivity and photographic sensitivity of silver halide microcrystals. 12 The proposed idea that a P center forms at a positively charged site, whereas an R center forms at a neutral site, has been supported by several investigations.…”

Section: Mesoscopic Metal Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics of the Photographic Latent Image

Tani

1989

Physics Today

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How does photographic film give such good images with so little exposure to light? The answer, in a word, is amplification. Light causes clusters of silver atoms to form on silver halide microcrystals in a photographic emulsion. These clusters, which may contain as few as three or four silver atoms, catalyze the reduction of all the silver ions in the microcrystals to which they are attached, giving a “gain” of over a billion. This is the basis for the high sensitivity and image quality of silver halide photographic film. As I will explain in this article, much is known about the physical mechanisms involved, and by using this knowledge one can improve the sensitivity and efficiency of film.

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Section: Mesoscopic Metal Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics of the Photographic Latent Image

Tani

1989

Physics Today

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“…Chemically deposited silver clusters have been studied for photographic effects. It has long been stated that the properties of chemically formed and photolytically formed silver clusters differ . Proposals have been presented to explain these differences. − Original studies showed that chemically deposited silver clusters do not attract electrons or grow to form larger silver clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Silver Clusters Adsorbed to Silver Bromide

Baetzold

2001

J. Phys. Chem. B

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Density functional calculations of the structure and electronic properties of silver clusters interacting with a fragment of silver bromide that is embedded within a polarizable representation of the AgBr crystal are presented. Flat (001) surfaces and kinked surfaces are considered. The optimized geometry of the silver clusters is nearly planar for the clusters up to four atoms that are considered. We examined the degree to which different surface defect sites could modulate the properties of the adsorbed silver cluster. The positive kink site is unique in providing a location where the neutral cluster can capture photoelectrons. This effect can be rationalized by electrostatic arguments and is consistent with this site functioning as a location for photolytic silver formation. Other kink sites of neutral or partial negative charge do not permit electron trapping at neutral silver clusters. These sites could act as locations for chemically produced silver clusters. Calculations are presented showing that some geometries of Ag3 + adsorbed at the negative kink can trap electrons in accord with a proposal by Tani. The calculations are used to compare different mechanisms for photolytic formation of silver clusters. They can be compared to gas-phase calculations adjusted for the interaction with a polarizable surface to show that both calculations agree that cationic silver clusters are unstable with respect to dissociation except on the negative kink. The calculations show a deep electron trap depth for the silver atom consistent with its participation in the nucleation phase of silver cluster growth during photolysis. A sulfide ion substituted for bromide at a positive kink is shown to provide a means of coupling the electron to the crystal ions.

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“…80 There are therefore two kinds of silver clusters: light clusters acting as electron traps and reduction clusters acting as positive hole traps. The experimental evidence for the presence of two kinds of silver clusters was presented for the first time by Spencer et al 81 Using electron microscopy, they observed latent image centres and gold-latensified reduction sensitization centres after arrested development, and found that the former appeared and grew under illumination, while the latter disappeared.…”

Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 98%

Review of mechanisms of photographic sensitivity

Tani¹

2007

The Imaging Science Journal

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A review is given of studies on the mechanisms of the main processes in photographic sensitivity. They include the formation of latent image centres, chemical sensitization and stabilization, and spectral sensitization. It is noted that remarkable progress in understanding the mechanisms of main photographic processes has been achieved owing to significant efforts by many groups of investigators, who have contributed to the design of highly sensitive and fine silver halide photographic materials.

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Distributions of Development Centers in Reduction-Sensitized Silver Bromide Grains

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Physics of the Photographic Latent Image

Physics of the Photographic Latent Image

Properties of Silver Clusters Adsorbed to Silver Bromide

Review of mechanisms of photographic sensitivity

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