Diurnal and Exercise-Related Variability of Haemoglobin and Reticulocytes in Athletes

Schumacher, Y. O.; Mu, Wenning; Robinson, Neil; Sottas, Pierre-Edouard; Ruecker, G; Pottgießer, Torben

doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243617

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, the average reticulocyte value for our ten endurance-trained subjects at baseline (0.65 ± 0.2%) was marginally lower than the 0.76 ± 0.2% reported in a cohort of 20 endurance-trained subjects tested using the same XE-2100 instrument model (Schumacher et al 2010). Similarly, a cohort of 41 nonendurance-trained subjects we immediately tested on our instrument were marginally lower than the comparative non-endurance cohort (n = 16) in Schumacher's study (0.79 ± 0.3 vs. 0.94 ± 0.4%, respectively).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Current markers of the Athlete Blood Passport do not flag microdose EPO doping

Ashenden¹,

et al. 2011

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The Athlete Blood Passport is the most recent tool adopted by anti-doping authorities to detect athletes using performance-enhancing drugs such as recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). This strategy relies on detecting abnormal variations in haematological variables caused by doping, against a background of biological and analytical variability. Ten subjects were given twice weekly intravenous injections of rhEPO for up to 12 weeks. Full blood counts were measured using a Sysmex XE-2100 automated haematology analyser, and total haemoglobin mass via a carbon monoxide rebreathing test. The sensitivity of the passport to flag abnormal deviations in blood values was evaluated using dedicated Athlete Blood Passport software. Our treatment regimen elicited a 10% increase in total haemoglobin mass equivalent to approximately two bags of reinfused blood. The passport software did not flag any subjects as being suspicious of doping whilst they were receiving rhEPO. We conclude that it is possible for athletes to use rhEPO without eliciting abnormal changes in the blood variables currently monitored by the Athlete Blood Passport.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Current markers of the Athlete Blood Passport do not flag microdose EPO doping

Ashenden¹,

et al. 2011

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“…The negligible change of plasma volume and consequently the unaltered RBC, HGB and haematocrit in this study may be explained by the fact that participants were allowed to consume water ad libitum during the game and that the first post-game measurement occurred 2 h after the game. A typical training session of endurance and non-endurance athletes may cause a marked rise of HGB that disappears 2 h later (Schumacher et al, 2010). Therefore, we may hypothesise that a possible increase of HGB in response to football match-play/training was not detected since blood was sampled 2 h later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron status markers are only transiently affected by a football game

Jamurtas

Douroudos

Deli

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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We examined the temporal variation of iron's status markers during a 60 h period following a football game. Thirty-four male football players were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, N = 14, participated only in measurements and training) or an experimental group (EG, N = 20, took part in a football game one week after the completion of the competitive season). All participants trained regularly for two consecutive days after the game. Training and game load was monitored with high time-resolution global positioning system (GPS) devices. Blood samples were collected and muscle damage markers and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were assessed pre-game and at 2 h, 12 h 36 h and 60 h post-game. No changes were noted in CG. Iron concentration decreased (P < 0.05) 2 h post-game and normalised thereafter whereas total iron binding capacity increased (P < 0.05) 12-60 h of recovery (P < 0.05). Erythrocytes, haemoglobin (HGB) concentration, plasma volume, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell HGB, mean cell HGB concentration, red cell width-SD, red cell width-CV, ferritin concentration and transferrin saturation remained unaltered during the intervention period. Creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness increased (P < 0.05) throughout recovery in EG. RSA declined (P < 0.05) until 36 h of recovery and normalised thereafter. Our data demonstrate that iron status markers are only transiently affected by a football game.

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“…For example, it is clear that fluctuations in plasma volume will have an influence on a number of the measured haematological variables (biomarkers). During exercise, plasma volume will contract before it settles back to normal levels in about 2 h postexercise 2 3. Therefore the Technical Document on Blood Sample Collection Requirements for the ABP4 mandates that blood collection does not occur within 2 h of training or competition to maintain the validity of the sample.…”

Section: Athlete Biological Passportmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Athlete Biological Passport: an integral element of innovative strategies in antidoping

Vernec

2014

Br J Sports Med

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Concern for the health of athletes and integrity of sport resulted in the banning of specific substances although many years passed before analytical testing took place. Soon doping control programmes became synonymous with urine tests and adverse analytical findings. This system has its limits due to the detection window of prohibited substances, the timing of sample collections and the sophistication of some doping regimens. There have been a number of situations where these limits were demonstrated by athletes who proclaimed innocence based on passing their analytical tests only to later confess to doping. New strategies were called for to protect clean athletes. In the current World Anti-Doping Code, there are eight means to an Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV). Article 2.2 states that the use of a prohibited substance may be established by any reliable means including witness statements, documentary evidence or evaluations of longitudinal profiling. In 2006, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) with the support of some International Federations (IFs) gathered a group of experts to develop a harmonised programme on longitudinal profiling, or serial analysis of indirect biomarkers of doping, that was both scientifically and legally robust. This culminated in the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) Operating Guidelines and Technical Documents, published in 2009. The ABP is a paradigm that infers the use of prohibited substance (or method) by the monitoring of discriminant biomarkers over time. The haematological module detects blood manipulation by the use of erythropoietic stimulating agents or via blood transfusions. The steroidal module aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids when administered exogenously and other indirect steroid doping substances or methods. Other ABP modules (endocrine, 'omics') are being developed. The term passport, first coined in 2000, is now defined in the ABP Guidelines as the longitudinal profile and all other relevant information including training, competitions and information derived from investigations. In the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code, investigations or enquiries gathered from other sources will play an even more prominent role.

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Diurnal and Exercise-Related Variability of Haemoglobin and Reticulocytes in Athletes

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Current markers of the Athlete Blood Passport do not flag microdose EPO doping

Current markers of the Athlete Blood Passport do not flag microdose EPO doping

Iron status markers are only transiently affected by a football game

The Athlete Biological Passport: an integral element of innovative strategies in antidoping

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