Diurnal cycle of iodine and mercury concentrations in Svalbard surface snow

Abstract

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Sunlit snow is highly photochemically active and plays an important role in the exchange of gas-phase species between the cryosphere to the atmosphere. Here, we investigate the behaviour of two selected species in surface snow: mercury (Hg) and iodine (I). Hg can deposit year-round and accumulate in the snowpack. However, photo-induced re-emission of gas phase Hg from the surface has been widely reported. Iodine is active in atmosphere new particle formation, especially in the marine boundary layer, and in the destruction of atmospheric ozone. It can also undergo photochemical re-emission. Although previous studies indicate possible post-depositional processes, little is known about the diurnal behaviour of these two species and their interaction in surface snow. The mechanisms are still poorly constrained and no field experiments have been performed in different seasons to investigate the magnitude of re-emission processes. Three high temporal resolution (hourly samples) 3 days long sampling campaign were carried out near Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) to study the behaviour of mercury and iodine in surface snow under different sunlight and environmental conditions (24 h-darkness, 24 h-sunlight and day/night cycles). Our results indicate a clearly different behaviour of Hg and I in surface snow during the different campaign. The day/night experiments demonstrate the existence of a diurnal cycle in surface snow for Hg and iodine, indicating that these species are indeed influenced by the daily solar radiation cycle. Differently bromine did not show any diurnal cycle. The diurnal cycle disappeared also for Hg and iodine during the 24 h-sunlight period and during 24 h-darkness experiments supporting the idea of the occurrence (absence) of a continuous recycling/exchange at the snow-air interface. These results demonstrate that this surface snow recycling is seasonally dependent, through sunlight. They also highlight the non-negligible role that snowpack emissions have on ambient air concentrations and potentially on iodine-induced atmospheric nucleation processes.</p>

Measurement report: Long-term measurements of aerosol precursor concentrations in the Finnish sub-Arctic boreal forest

“…There are no reports on iodine emissions from continental snow, but we hypothesize that one possible source of iodine in SMEAR I during spring is the melting snowpack. This is possible due to the deposition of sea salts on snow particularly during dark periods that activate during the spring and are re-emitted to the atmosphere through heterogeneous photochemistry of iodide, and iodate ions (Raso et al, 2017;Spolaor et al, 2019). There are also possible forest emissions of iodinated organics, similar to New England growing season (Raso et al, 2017), that might be enhanced by higher temperature or high ozone concentrations.…”