Diurnal evolution of total column and surface atmospheric ammonia in the megacity of Paris, France, during an intense springtime pollution episode

Abstract

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for the formation of atmospheric secondary inorganic particles, such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate. Although the chemical processes associated with the gas-to-particle conversion are well known, atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia are still scarcely characterized. This information is however critical especially for processes concerning the equilibrium between ammonia and ammonium nitrate, due to the semi-volatile character of the latter one. This study presents an analysis of the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia during a pollution event over the Paris megacity region in spring 2012 (five days in late March 2012). Our objective is to analyze the link between the diurnal evolution of surface NH3 concentrations and its integrated column abundance, meteorological variables and relevant chemical species involved in gas/particle partitioning. For this, we implement an original approach based on the combined use of surface and total column ammonia measurements. These last ones are derived from ground-based remote-sensing measurements performed by the Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy (OASIS) Fourier transform infrared observatory at an urban site over the southeastern suburbs of the Paris megacity. This analysis considers the following meteorological variables relevant to the ammonia pollution event: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and vertical dilution in the atmospheric boundary layer. Moreover, we study the partitioning between ammonia and ammonium particles from concomitant measurements of total particulate matter (PM) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations at the surface. We identify the origin of the pollution event as local emissions at the beginning of the analyzed period and advection of pollution from the Benelux and west Germany region by the end. Our results show a clearly different diurnal behavior of atmospheric ammonia concentrations at the surface and those vertically integrated over the total atmospheric column. Surface concentrations remain relatively stable during the day, while total column abundances show a minimum value in the morning and rise steadily to reach a relative maximum in the late afternoon during the spring pollution event. These differences are mainly explained by vertical mixing within the boundary layer, as suggested by ground-based measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, used as tracer of the vertical distribution of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Indeed, the afternoon enhancement of ammonia clearly seen by OASIS for the whole atmospheric column is barely depicted by surface concentrations, as the latter are strongly affected by vertical dilution within the rising boundary layer. Moreover, the concomitant occurrence of a decrease of ammonium particle concentrations and an increase of gaseous ammonia abundance suggests the volatilization of particles for forming ammonia. Furthermore, surface observations may also suggest night-time formation of ammonium particles from gas-to-particle conversion, for relative humidity levels higher than the deliquescence point of ammonium nitrate.

The Diel Cycle of NH3 Observed From the FY‐4A Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS)

“…A much larger diel cycle is observed in April as compared to January, especially in Punjab with a column more than three times larger during day than at night. Similarly high ratios, with daytime maximums, have been observed in the diel variations of total columns over Paris (Kutzner et al., 2020) and in a rural area in the Netherlands (Dammers et al., 2017). There are a number of factors which explain such large day‐night variations.…”

“…(iii) At night, temperatures are lower, humidity levels higher, thereby favoring the conversion of NH 3 gas to particulate. The reverse process may contribute to daytime enhancements (Kutzner et al., 2020; Meng et al., 2018; Saylor et al., 2010; Tevlin et al., 2017). (iv) Finally, nocturnal columns could be underestimated in the retrieval as a result of the vertical profile assumption.…”

“…(iii) At night, temperatures are lower, humidity levels higher, thereby favoring the conversion of NH 3 gas to particulate. The reverse process may contribute to daytime enhancements (Kutzner et al, 2020;Meng et al, 2018;Saylor et al, 2010;Tevlin et al, 2017).…”

“…2010; Walker et al., 2006). (iii) Some diurnal measurements of NH 3 total columns are available (Dammers et al., 2017; Kutzner et al., 2020; W. Wang et al., 2020) from ground‐based spectroscopy. These show that the daily evolution of the column can also significantly differ (and even anti‐correlate) from the variations at the surface.…”

“…A key element that drives their cycle is the vertical mixing that occurs within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) which determines to what extent NH 3 remains trapped at the surface or undergoes transport to higher altitudes (e.g., Saylor et al 2010;Walker et al, 2006). (iii) Some diurnal measurements of NH 3 total columns are available (Dammers et al, 2017;Kutzner et al, 2020; from ground-based spectroscopy. These show that the daily evolution of the column can also significantly differ (and even anti-correlate) from the variations at the surface.…”