Diurnal postprandial responses to low and high glycaemic index mixed meals

Gibbs, M.; Harrington, D.; Starkey, Simon R.; Williams, Peter; Hampton, Shelagh M.

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.018

Cited by 46 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Consumption of an energy-rich meal in the evening led to significantly higher glucose and insulin response compared to its consumption in the morning. Markedly, this effect was most pronounced in the evening on a high GI diet, confirming that the quality of carbohydrates at a particular time of the day acutely influences glycaemic control throughout the day2425.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: a randomized controlled trial

Keßler

Hornemann

Petzke

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Diurnal carbohydrate and fat distribution modulates glycaemic control in rodents. In humans, the optimal timing of both macronutrients and its effects on glycaemic control after prolonged consumption are not studied in detail. In this cross-over trial, 29 non-obese men were randomized to two four-week diets: (1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 13.30 and fat-rich meals between 16.30 and 22.00 (HC/HF) versus (2) inverse sequence of meals (HF/HC). After each trial period two meal tolerance tests were performed, at 09.00 and 15.40, respectively, according to the previous intervention. On the HF/HC diet, whole-day glucose level was increased by 7.9% (p = 0.026) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IFG/IGT, n = 11), and GLP-1 by 10.2% (p = 0.041) in normal glucose-tolerant subjects (NGT, n = 18). Diet effects on fasting GLP-1 (p = 0.009) and PYY (p = 0.034) levels were observed in IFG/IGT, but not in NGT. Afternoon decline of glucose tolerance was more pronounced in IFG/IGT and associated with a stronger decrease of postprandial GLP-1 and PYY levels, but not with changes of cortisol rhythm. In conclusion, the HF/HC diet shows an unfavourable effect on glycaemic control in IFG/IGT, but not in NGT subjects. Consequently, large, carbohydrate-rich dinners should be avoided, primarily by subjects with impaired glucose metabolism.

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mentioning

confidence: 67%

The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: a randomized controlled trial

Keßler

Hornemann

Petzke

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Both a diurnal variation in postprandial insulin levels, with greater responses in the morning (17), and a pattern in basal insulin levels, with higher levels at the end of the sleep period, the so-called "dawn phenomenon" (5), have been reported previously. In the present study, these characteristic patterns in insulin levels were found when the volunteers were allowed to sleep at night but were notably altered when the participants were sleep deprived in the dark.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term sleep deprivation with nocturnal light exposure alters time-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin secretion in male volunteers

Gil‐Lozano

Hunter

Behan

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The intestinal L cell is the principal source of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a major determinant of insulin release. Because GLP-1 secretion is regulated in a circadian manner in rodents, we investigated whether the activity of the human L cell is also time sensitive. Rhythmic fluctuations in the mRNA levels of canonical clock genes were found in the human NCI-H716 L cell model, which also showed a time-dependent pattern in their response to well-established secretagogues. A diurnal variation in GLP-1 responses to identical meals (850 kcal), served 12 h apart in the normal dark (2300) and light (1100) periods, was also observed in male volunteers maintained under standard sleep and light conditions. These findings suggest the existence of a daily pattern of activity in the human L cell. Moreover, we separately tested the short-term effects of sleep deprivation and nocturnal light exposure on basal and postprandial GLP-1, insulin, and glucose levels in the same volunteers. Sleep deprivation with nocturnal light exposure disrupted the melatonin and cortisol profiles and increased insulin resistance. Moreover, it also induced profound derangements in GLP-1 and insulin responses such that postprandial GLP-1 and insulin levels were markedly elevated and the normal variation in GLP-1 responses was abrogated. These alterations were not observed in sleep-deprived participants maintained under dark conditions, indicating a direct effect of light on the mechanisms that regulate glucose homeostasis. Accordingly, the metabolic abnormalities known to occur in shift workers may be related to the effects of irregular light-dark cycles on these glucoregulatory pathways.

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“…This is, in part, due to the circadian rhythm of insulin secretion and the insulinimpeding action of growth hormone, the pulsatile concentrations of which increase at night. Postprandial insulin and glucose responses to meals increase across the day and into the night (32,38,74,81,85). Thus, meals consumed at night are associated with greater postprandial glucose and insulin exposure than content-matched meals consumed during the day, leading to increased HbA1c levels and risk of type 2 diabetes over time.…”

Section: Circadian Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

2017

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The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.

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Diurnal postprandial responses to low and high glycaemic index mixed meals

Cited by 46 publications

References 30 publications

The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: a randomized controlled trial

The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: a randomized controlled trial

Short-term sleep deprivation with nocturnal light exposure alters time-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin secretion in male volunteers

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

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