Diurnal Variation and the Effect of Feed Restriction on Plasma and Milk Metabolites in TMR‐fed Dairy Cows

Nielsen, N. I.; Ingvartsen, Klaus Lønne; Larsen, Torben

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00496.x

Cited by 78 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Therefore, the high concentrations could be attributed to the time of sampling (17.00 h), when an increase in this metabolite was described in grazing cows , and to the butyrate content in the corn silage used, and butyric acid produced by the ruminal fermentation after eating, with subsequent metabolization to BHBA and absorption in the rumen wall (Noro et al, 2011). The differences between samplings are explained by the change in herbage mass during the experiment, altering the proportion of pasture and corn silage of the diet, and the physiological diurnal variation of BHBA (Nielsen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of blood metabolites in dairy cows grazing under two pasture allowances and supplemented with corn silage under restricted grazing conditions

et al. 2016

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-This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of management tools -daily pasture allowance and corn silage supplementation -during periods of forage shortage on the metabolism of dairy cows grazing low-mass pasture in temperate regions. Forty lactating Holstein cows were used during an experimental period of seventy days (April 15 to June 23, 2012). Blood metabolites and milk production were determined in fall-calving dairy cows grazing under two daily pasture allowances (PA) (moderate, 17 kg vs. high, 25 kg dry matter (DM)) and supplemented with corn silage (CS) (low, 4.5 kg vs. high, 9.0 kg DM). All cows received 3 kg DM of concentrate. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea were determined using an automated spectrophotometer, and milk production was electronically measured at each milking time during the trial. The experimental design was completely randomized using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The increase in daily PA decreased plasma concentrations of BHBA (0.91±0. , but did not change milk production. The positive effect of increasing PA was associated with a high herbage intake, while the lack of response to increasing CS supplementation was attributed to a high substitution of pasture intake (0.9 kg DM pasture/kg DM CS). Low corn silage supplementation is recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of blood metabolites in dairy cows grazing under two pasture allowances and supplemented with corn silage under restricted grazing conditions

et al. 2016

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“…Third, expression of core clock genes BMAL1 and PER2 showed circadian patterns of expression in RNA isolated from milk fat globule crescents of mid-lactation cows (unpublished results), which correlated with circadian changes in expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) as well as percent milk fat (unpublished results). These findings suggest that the mammary clock in cows may be responsible for the diurnal variation in milk composition (Kuhn et al, 1980;Nielsen et al, 2003; Barkova et al, 2005;Lubetzky et al, 2006; Cubero et al, 2007;Lubetzky et al, 2007).The mammary circadian clock may not only respond to systemic cues, but may also be regulated by local signals. Serotonin (5-HT), which acts as both a neurotransmitter and hormone that entrains circadian clocks, has been proposed to be a feedback inhibitor of lactation (Stull et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 97%

“…The circadian system is a likely candidate as it is believed to have evolved to coordinate the timing of internal physiological and metabolic processes and synchronize this timing with the animal's environment. The effect of the circadian system on milk production is evident in both the variation of milk composition across the day (Kuhn et al, 1980;Nielsen et al, 2003; Barkova et al, 2005;Lubetzky et al, 2006 and Cubero et al, 2007) and the photoperiod effect on milk quality and quantity in farm animals (Aharoni et al, 2000; Dahl et al, 2002 and Dahl and Petitclerc, 2003;Auchtung et al, 2005;Wall et al, 2005; Bernabucci et al, 2006;Rius and Dahl, 2006; Auldist et al, 2007;Oates et al, 2007; Andrade et al, 2008;Dahl, 2008;Mikolayunas et al, 2008). In this paper, we review literature and present novel findings in support of our hypothesis that the circadian system coordinates the metabolic and endocrine changes needed to initiate and maintain lactation, and that this system also mediates the photoperiod effect on lactation.…”

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Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Plaut

Casey

2012

Animal

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Environmental variables such as photoperiod, heat, stress, nutrition and other external factors have profound effects on quality and quantity of a dairy cow's milk. The way in which the environment interacts with genotype to impact milk production is unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory suggests that circadian clocks play a role. Daily and seasonal endocrine rhythms are coordinated in mammals by the master circadian clock in the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks are distributed in every organ and coordinated by signals from the master clock. We and others have shown that there is a circadian clock in the mammary gland. Approximately 7% of the genes expressed during lactation had circadian patterns including core clock and metabolic genes. Amplitude changes occurred in the core mammary clock genes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation and were coordinated with changes in molecular clocks among multiple tissues. In vitro studies using a bovine mammary cell line showed that external stimulation synchronized mammary clocks, and expression of the core clock gene, BMAL1, was induced by lactogens. Female clock/ clock mutant mice, which have disrupted circadian rhythms, have impaired mammary development and their offspring failed to thrive suggesting that the dam's milk production was not adequate enough to nourish their young. We envision that, in mammals, during the transition from pregnancy to lactation the master clock is modified by environmental and physiological cues that it receives, including photoperiod length. In turn, the master clock coordinates changes in endocrine milieu that signals peripheral tissues. In dairy cows, it is clear that changes in photoperiod during the dry period and/or during lactation influences milk production. We believe that the photoperiod effect on milk production is mediated, in part by the 'setting' of the master clock with light, which modifies peripheral circadian clocks including the mammary core clock and subsequently impacts milk yield and may impact milk composition.Keywords: mammary, lactation, circadian rhythm, photoperiod, metabolism ImplicationsThe circadian system coordinates internal physiological processes in mammals and synchronizes these processes to the animal's environment. We review the literature and discuss recent findings from our laboratory and others that suggest the circadian system regulates lactation, including coordinating changes in the dam's physiology needed to initiate and maintain lactation and mediating the photoperiod effect on milk production. Identification of environmental and physiological inputs that affect genes that control circadian rhythms will enable development of approaches to alter gene expression to maximize production efficiency in farm animals. IntroductionNearly all physiological and behavioral functions of animals are rhythmic including secretion patterns of hormones, sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and core body temperature.A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-h cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behaviora...

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“…Earlier reports suggest that the induced NEB by feed restriction in dairy cows alters milk yield and its composition such as fat and protein percentage (Gross et al, 2011a) or BHBA and citrate concentration (Nielsen et al, 2003). The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of lactational versus feed restriction induced NEB on plasma and milk adiponectin concentrations and their relationship with circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones such as leptin and insulin; variables linked to the fat metabolism such as NEFA and BHBA concentrations, and other variables such as revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, DMI, BW, BCS, back fat thickness (BFT), and energy balance.…”

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Short communication: Circulating and milk adiponectin change differently during energy deficiency at different stages of lactation in dairy cows

Singh

Häußler

Gross

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

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Adiponectin, one of the most abundant adipokines in circulation, is known for its role in regulation of body metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a negative energy balance (NEB) at 2 stages of lactation (lactational NEB at the onset of lactation and an induced NEB by feed restriction near 100 d of lactation) on circulating adiponectin concentrations. We also investigated the effect of feed restriction on adiponectin concentrations in milk and the relationships of blood and milk adiponectin with selected plasma or milk variables and with measures of body condition. Plasma adiponectin was measured in 50 multiparous Holstein dairy cows throughout 3 experimental periods [i.e., period 1 = 3 wk antepartum up to 12 wk postpartum, period 2 = 3 wk of feed restriction starting at around 100 d in milk with a control (n = 25) and feed-restricted group (50% of energy requirements; n = 25), and period 3 = subsequent realimentation period for 8 wk]. Milk adiponectin was investigated among 21 multiparous cows at wk 2 and wk 12 of period 1 and wk 2 of period 2. Adiponectin concentrations in plasma and skim milk were measured using an in-house ELISA specific for bovine adiponectin. Major changes in circulating adiponectin concentrations were observed during the periparturient period, whereas energy deficiency during established lactation at around 100 d in milk and subsequent refeeding did not affect plasma adiponectin. Together with lower adiponectin concentrations in milk (μg/mL), the reduction in milk yield led to decreased adiponectin secretion via milk (mg/d) at the second week of feed restriction. Irrespective of time and treatment, milk adiponectin represented about 0.002% of total milk protein. Mean adiponectin concentrations in milk (0.61 ± 0.03 μg/mL) were about 92% lower than the mean plasma adiponectin concentrations (32.1 ± 1.0 μg/mL). The proportion of the steady-state plasma adiponectin pool secreted daily via milk was 2.7%. In view of the similar extent of NEB in both periods of energy deficiency, decreasing adiponectin concentrations seems important for accomplishing the adaptation to the rapidly increasing metabolic rates in early lactation, whereas the lipolytic reaction toward feed restriction-induced NEB during established lactation seems to occur largely independent of changes in circulating adiponectin. Key words: adiponectin , milk , energy deficiency , dairy cow Short CommunicationWith the onset of lactation in high-producing dairy cows, milk synthesis leads to an approximately 4-fold increase in total energy requirements compared with pregnant and nonlactating state (Block et al., 2001), which is often accompanied by insufficient voluntary feed intake. The period of negative energy balance (NEB) is associated with changes in several metabolic key hormones, such as growth hormone and IGF-1, and the responsiveness of peripheral tissues for these hormones (Rhoads et al., 2007). The period of energy demand such as early lactation in dairy cattle is characterized by an incr...

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Diurnal Variation and the Effect of Feed Restriction on Plasma and Milk Metabolites in TMR‐fed Dairy Cows

Cited by 78 publications

References 30 publications

Evaluation of blood metabolites in dairy cows grazing under two pasture allowances and supplemented with corn silage under restricted grazing conditions

Evaluation of blood metabolites in dairy cows grazing under two pasture allowances and supplemented with corn silage under restricted grazing conditions

Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Short communication: Circulating and milk adiponectin change differently during energy deficiency at different stages of lactation in dairy cows

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