Divergent Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 (STLV-3) in Wild-Caught
            <i>Papio hamadryas papio</i>
            from Senegal: Widespread Distribution of STLV-3 in Africa

Meertens, Laurent; Gessain, Antoine

doi:10.1128/jvi.77.1.782-789.2003

Cited by 40 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…substitutions/site/year, which is consistent with rates determined previously both with and without a molecular clock model of evolution (15,17,20,(29)(30)(31). The evolutionary rate for STLV-3 (Cmo8699AB) is estimated to be 2.11 × 10 , and the most common recent ancestor is inferred to have occurred ≈92,072-138,560 years ago, which suggests an ancient origin and perhaps the identifi cation of one of the oldest viruses in the PTLV-3 group.…”

Section: Origin Of Stlv-3 (Cmo8699ab)supporting

confidence: 69%

“…The 282-bp LTR sequence from Cni7882AB shared the highest nucleotide identity (99%) to STLV-3 (CtoNG409), a red-capped mangabey from neighboring Nigeria (31). The phylogeographic clustering of these sequences supports further the proposed subtype classifi cation of STLV-3 by geographic origin rather than by host species (17,19,20,25,31). In contrast, the 432-bp LTR sequence from L. albigena mangabeys (Lal9589NL) was more divergent; it shared only 10%-16% nucleotide identity with all PTLV-3 LTR sequences.…”

Section: Broad Stlv-3 Diversity In Wild Nhpssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Every HTLV-1 subtype except A is composed of genetically related HTLV-1 and STLV-1 strains from many different primate species, all found geographically near each other. Similarly, PTLV-3s exhibit broad diversity among NHPs in the wild; currently, 3 subtypes have been suggested according to the geographic origin of the strains (17): East African STLV-3 subtype A includes STLV-3 (PH969) found in a baboon (Papio hamadryas) from Eritrea (18) and from captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) (19); West and Central African STLV-3 subtype B includes STLV-3 (CTO-604) and STLV-3 (CTO-602) found among mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) from Cameroon (20) and STLV-3 (PPAF3) from baboons (P. hamadryas papio) from Senegal (17); and Central African STLV-3 subtype C includes divergent strains (Cni217 and Cni227) from Cercopithecus nictitans monkeys from Cameroon (21). Together, this clustering by geography rather than host species suggests the ease with which STLVs are transmitted among NHPs and possibly to humans (2,3,5,22,23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Sintasath¹,

Wolfe

LeBreton³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Cross-species transmission of retroviruses is common in Cameroon. To determine risk for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) transmission from nonhuman primates to hunters, we examined 170 hunter-collected dried blood spots (DBS) from 12 species for STLV. PCR with generic tax and group-specifi c long terminal repeat primers showed that 12 (7%) specimens from 4 nonhuman primate species were infected with STLV. Phylogenetic analyses showed broad diversity of STLV, including novel STLV-1 and STLV-3 sequences and a highly divergent STLV-3 subtype found in Cercopithecus mona and C. nictitans monkeys. Screening of peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 63 HTLVseroreactive, PCR-negative hunters did not identify human infections with this divergent STLV-3. Therefore, huntercollected DBS can effectively capture STLV diversity at the point where pathogen spillover occurs. Broad screening using this relatively easy collection strategy has potential for large-scale monitoring of retrovirus cross-species transmission among highly exposed human populations.

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Section: Origin Of Stlv-3 (Cmo8699ab)supporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Broad Stlv-3 Diversity In Wild Nhpssupporting

confidence: 56%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Sintasath¹,

Wolfe

LeBreton³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The HTLV-3 sequence is highly related to Central African STLV-3 strains that are present in a number of monkey species living in that area (6,55). The genomic organizations of HTLV-3 and STLV-3 proviruses are similar, with the presence of two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences flanking the gag, pol, env, tax, and rex genes (6,36,37,55,58,59). Of note, both the STLV-3 and HTLV-3 LTRs lack one Tax-responsive element compared to those of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 (6,36,37,55,58,59).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The genomic organizations of HTLV-3 and STLV-3 proviruses are similar, with the presence of two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences flanking the gag, pol, env, tax, and rex genes (6,36,37,55,58,59). Of note, both the STLV-3 and HTLV-3 LTRs lack one Tax-responsive element compared to those of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 (6,36,37,55,58,59). Nevertheless, the PTLV-3 Tax protein can efficiently drive transcription from the PTLV-3 LTR as well as from the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 LTRs (6,11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction and Characterization of a Full-Length Infectious Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 Molecular Clone

Chevalier

Walic

Calattini

et al. 2007

J Virol

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Together with their simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) equivalent, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, and HTLV-3 form the primate T-cell lymphotropic virus (PTLV) group. Over the years, understanding the biology and pathogenesis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 has been widely improved by the creation of molecular clones. In contrast, so far, PTLV-3 experimental studies have been restricted to the overexpression of the tax gene using reporter assays. We have therefore decided to construct an STLV-3 molecular clone. We generated a full-length STLV-3 proviral clone (8,891 bp) by PCR amplification of overlapping fragments. This STLV-3 molecular clone was then transfected into 293T cells. Reverse transcriptase PCR experiments followed by sequence analysis of the amplified products allowed us to establish that both gag and tax/rex mRNAs were transcribed. Western blotting further demonstrated the presence of the STLV-3 p24 gag protein in the cell culture supernatant from transfected cells. Transient transfection of 293T cells and of 293T-long terminal repeat-green fluorescent protein cells with the STLV-3 clone promoted syncytium formation, a hallmark of PTLV Env expression, as well as the appearance of fluorescent cells, also demonstrating that the Tax3 protein was expressed. Virus particles were visible by electron microscopy. These particles are infectious, as demonstrated by our cell-free-infection experiments with purified virions. All together, our data demonstrate that the STLV-3 molecular clone is functional and infectious. This clone will give us a unique opportunity to study in vitro the different pX transcripts and the putative presence of antisense transcripts and to evaluate the PTLV-3 pathogenicity in vivo.

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Deltaretroviruses

2009

Simian Virology

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Divergent Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 (STLV-3) in Wild-Caught Papio hamadryas papio from Senegal: Widespread Distribution of STLV-3 in Africa

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Construction and Characterization of a Full-Length Infectious Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 Molecular Clone

Deltaretroviruses

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