Diverse biotechnological applications of multifunctional titanium dioxide nanoparticles: An up‐to‐date review

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the topmost widely used metallic oxide nanoparticles. Whether present in naked form or doped with metals or polymers, TiO 2 NPs perform immensely important functions. However, the alteration in size and shape by doping results in improving the physical, chemical, and biological behaviour of TiO 2 NPs. Hence, the differential effects of various TiO 2 nanostructures including nanoflakes, nanoflowers, and nanotubes in various domains of biotechnology have been elucidated by researchers. Recently, the exponential growth of research activities regarding TiO 2 NPs has been observed owing to their chemical stability, low toxicity, and multifaceted properties. Because of their enormous abundance, plants, humans, and environment are inevitably exposed to TiO 2 NPs. These NPs play a significant role in improving agricultural attributes, removing environmental pollution, and upgrading the domain of nanomedicine. Therefore, the currently ongoing studies about the employment of TiO 2 NPs in enhancement of different aspects of agriculture, environment, and medicine have been extensively discussed in this review.

Nickel Nanoparticles: Applications and Antimicrobial Role against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections

“…ZnO could eliminate MRSA skin infection at 1875 mg/mL possibly via amino acid synthesis inhibition [ 70 ]. TiO2 NPs produce free radicals which kill MRSA [ 72 ]. Cu-doped ZnO nanorods have exhibited more potential effects than that of ZnO singly [ 73 ].…”

Nanoparticles in ocular applications and their potential toxicity

“…The overuse of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of drugresistant strains, prompting the development of new antibacterial agents. Therefore, the antibacterial activity of some NPs was expected to be used in medicine (Javed, Ain et al, 2022). Metal and metal oxide NPs have been gradually recognized as the next generation of antimicrobial agents (Raghunath and Perumal 2017;Gharpure, Akash et al, 2020).…”

“…ZnO-NPs are considerable antibacterial agents for contact lenses to reduce the risk of infection from wear (Shayani Rad, Sabeti et al, 2020). It was reported that titanium dioxide NPs catalyzed by UV light can effectively inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Javed, Ain et al, 2022). However, the antibacterial activity is based on the photocatalytic activity of the NPs themselves, which may not work in ophthalmology.…”

“…Titanium dioxide NPs are widely used in industrial and medical applications, including pesticide and fertilizer NPs, bio-imaging, drug delivery, and antibacterial (Javed, Ain et al, 2022). The eyes are easily exposed to titanium dioxide NPs.…”

Ionogels Derived from Fluorinated Ionic Liquids to Enhance Aqueous Drug Solubility for Local Drug Administration

“…However, the low solubility of hydrophobic drugs in aqueous media hampers their uptake to attain therapeutic dosage. Likewise, hydrogels based on gelatin were largely employed to generate therapeutic agents nanocarriers as a result of availability [ 12 , 13 ] in industrial waste as well as physicochemical properties and bioassimilation ability that is crucial for a wide range of medical applications [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Indeed, gelatin recovered from fishing by-products complies with the recommendations of the European Union to develop Circular Economy processes [ 19 ] as well as societal and religious concerns related to mammalian gelatin sources.…”