Diversification of Rice–wheat Cropping System Improves Growth, Productivity and Energetics of Rice in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Banjara, Tej Ram; Bohra, J. S.; Kumar, Sushil; Ram, Asha; Pal, Vijay

doi:10.1007/s40003-020-00533-9

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Among the HYVs tested in Jhum ecosystem, IURON‐514 and Bhalum‐3 were more suitable to the climatic condition of NER (Layek et al, 2017) and have higher potential to produce more economic yield and total biomass production (Kapoor et al, 2013; Zeliang et al, 2020) than others. Improved Jhum practice produced higher rice grain and straw yields over traditional Jhum, which subsequently enhanced the carbohydrate equivalent and carbon output (Banjara et al, 2022). Higher carbon output recorded under HYVs might be due to higher grain yield of rice and production of carbohydrate per unit area (Kumar et al, 2015, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved agronomic practices and high yielding rice varieties maintain soil health and enhance yield and energy use efficiency under shifting cultivation landscapes of easternHimalayas

et al. 2023

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Low productivity, depletion of soil fertility, and inefficient energy use are the major challenges of fragile Jhum (shifting cultivation: 280 M ha worldwide) agro‐ecosystems in north eastern Himalaya. Farmers' participatory field trials were conducted in sloping lands of Meghalaya, India over 3 years to identify suitable agronomic management practices and input responsive rice genotypes for sustaining soil health and enhance carrying capacity of Jhum land. Eleven genotypes of rice (six high yielding varieties [HYVs] and five landraces) were tested under two management practices, namely, improved Jhum (line‐sowing in contour, 50% recommended dose of nutrients (RDN) + farm yard manure 5 Mg ha−1 with two hand weeding operations) and traditional Jhum (broadcasting, no manure/fertilizer/pesticides, and single hand weeding) as reference. Improved Jhum practices significantly increased (p = 0.05) rice yield (103.8%–133.7%), improved soil health, farm profitability, net energy output, and energy intensity. The HYVs of rice, namely, RCM 5, Bhalum‐3, and IURON 514 (1.92–1. 96 Mg ha−1) significantly out yielded local landraces, namely, Mannar, Kbaslu, Kba Khasi, Pnahiong, and Pnahlaispah (1.44–1.65 Mg ha−1). The soils under improved Jhum practices had significantly higher SOC (16.9 g kg−1), available N (278.2 kg ha−1), P2O5% (12.8 kg ha−1), K (217.1 kg ha−1), and more water infiltration rate (74.1 mm h−1) over traditional practice after 3 years of our present study. The rice yield for second and third year of cropping were also significantly higher (p = 0.05) under improved Jhum practices (2.23 and 2.01 Mg ha−1, respectively) as compared to traditional Jhum. The net income enhanced by 53% and 85 to 104.6% owing to adoption of improved Jhum and HYVs over local practice and genotypes, respectively. Hence, growing HYVs of rice, namely, RCM 5, Bhalum‐3, and IURON 514 along with improved agronomic practices are recommended for achieving higher productivity, extending carrying capacity, and sustaining soil health in Jhum ecosystems of north eastern Himalaya.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved agronomic practices and high yielding rice varieties maintain soil health and enhance yield and energy use efficiency under shifting cultivation landscapes of easternHimalayas

et al. 2023

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“…The combined analysis showed that rice-vegetable pea-wheat-greengram sequence produced 27.9% higher wheat equivalent yield than rice-wheat system. A study on ten rice-based cropping sequences at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India) showed that rice-berseem-cowpea fodder sequence had resulted in higher grain yield, gross returns, net returns and energy productivity to the tune of about 13.9, 13.9, 46.6 and 13.8%, respectively, along with rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-green gram (Banjara et al 2022). Yadav et al (2022) reported higher profitability, sustainability and employment generation with enterprise mix diversification system with average net-income from crop (including fodder), vegetables and fruits and subsidiary components was 15.3% higher than conventional rice-wheat system.…”

Section: Miscellaneous Productive Diversification Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and technological interventions in rice–wheat system for resilient food–water–energy-environment nexus in North-western Indo-Gangetic Plains: A review

Khedwal

Chaudhary

Sindhu

et al. 2023

CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains performed a crucial role in the national food security. However, the widespread and intensive cultivation of this system has led to serious problems such as declining groundwater table (~1 meter year −1 ) with sharp increase in number of districts under over-exploitation category, residue burning, higher greenhouse gases emission and herbicide resistance in weeds, causing stagnant crop productivity and lesser profitability. In this review article, an attempt has been made to discuss the major issues pertaining to intensive rice-wheat cultivation amidst climate vagaries and futuristic approach to address these challenges. Different tillage-and crop-specific recommendations such as adoption of direct seeded rice, diversification with lesser resource guzzling crops such as maize (Zea mays L.) at least on the periodic manner especially in light-medium soils, inclusion of summer legumes and alternative tillage systems (permanent beds and zero tillage with residue retention) have been suggested to address these issues. However, crop performance under these techniques has been found to be location, soil and cultivar specific. The absence of aerobic tailored genotypes and weeds have been identified as the major constraints in adoption of direct seeded rice. The integrated strategies of conservation tillage, crop breeding program and resource conserving region-and soil-specific agronomic measures with crop diversification would be helpful in tackling the sustainability issues. It requires future efforts on developing crop genotypes suited to conservation tillage, effective weed control strategies and trainings and demonstrations to farmers to switch from conventional rice-wheat system to alternative cropping systems.

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“…But still, maize has a huge opportunity to work in the directions of implementation of SB for generation advancement. Maize has a high radiation use efficiency (RUE, defined as the micromoles of dry matter produced per mole of photosynthetically active photons absorbed by green canopy components), i.e.~4.0 g dry matter/MJ and can tolerate high light intensity (PAR 1500 or more) (Banjara et al 2021). Moreover, maize photosynthesis rate may be enhanced at elevated CO 2 levels (>500 ppm).…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunities For Developing Protocols For Sp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed breeding in maize (Zea mays) vis-à -vis in other crops: Status and prospects

et al. 2021

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The prevailing global climate change and population explosion have threatened global food security by mounting the demand of more quantity and better quality food. Crop breeding attempts to meet this increasing demand but having a major limitation of long breeding cycle required for developing any suitable cultivar. Therefore, shortening the crop duration in every generation of a breeding cycle has been a long dream of breeders. In the past, many efforts have been made to fasten crop generation time by implementing several techniques like shuttle breeding, embryo rescue, and doubled haploid. In this direction, recently, speed breeding (SB) has emerged as a novel technology to shorten the crop breeding cycle and fasten the crop improvement through rapid generation advancement. Growing crops in the customized growth chambers of SB helps to speed up research on crops with adult plant phenotyping, crossing, mutant studies, and transformation. Till now many crop-specific protocols have been developed in wheat, rice, barley, canola, etc. for SB in growth chambers or glasshouses with controlled environmental conditions. But, still, SB protocol for maize (Zea mays L.), one of the three major staple foods worldwide has not been developed yet. Considering the multiple uses and economic importance of maize, there is a need to accelerate its production to meet future demands. Deploying the SB technique in maize could be beneficial in achieving the same. Thus, despite being challenging, we need to explore the possibilities of using SB in the maize breeding programme. The present review throws light on the current status of SB and future perspectives to make SB successful in maize. The adoption of SB along with other breeding methodologies can be an effective and efficient tool to develop suitable maize hybrids in a short time frame for meeting global demands.

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Diversification of Rice–wheat Cropping System Improves Growth, Productivity and Energetics of Rice in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Improved agronomic practices and high yielding rice varieties maintain soil health and enhance yield and energy use efficiency under shifting cultivation landscapes of easternHimalayas

Improved agronomic practices and high yielding rice varieties maintain soil health and enhance yield and energy use efficiency under shifting cultivation landscapes of easternHimalayas

Challenges and technological interventions in rice–wheat system for resilient food–water–energy-environment nexus in North-western Indo-Gangetic Plains: A review

Speed breeding in maize (Zea mays) vis-à -vis in other crops: Status and prospects

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