Diversification rate vs. diversification density: Decoupled consequences of plant height for diversification of Alooideae in time and space

Boucher, Florian C.; Quatela, Anne-Sophie; Ellis, Allan G.; Verboom, G. Anthony

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233597

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The density of speciation events in space can be decoupled from the frequency of events over time (Boucher et al. 2020). Recall that a speciation rate represents the number of species generated per unit of time, and not simply the number of species generated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

Miller

2021

Evolution

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The diversity of species inhabiting freshwater relative to marine habitats is striking, given that freshwater habitats encompass <1% of Earth's water. The most commonly proposed explanation for this pattern is that freshwater habitats are more fragmented than marine habitats, allowing more opportunities for allopatric speciation and thus increased diversification rates in freshwater. However, speciation may be generally faster in sympatry than in allopatry, as illustrated by lacustrine radiations such as African cichlids. Such differences between rivers and lakes may be important to consider when comparing diversification broadly among freshwater and marine groups. Here I compared diversification rates of teleost fishes in marine, riverine and lacustrine habitats. I found that lakes had faster speciation and net diversification rates than other aquatic habitats. However, most freshwater diversity arose in rivers. Surprisingly, riverine and marine habitats had similar rates of net diversification on average. Biogeographic models suggest that lacustrine habitats are evolutionarily unstable, explaining the dearth of lacustrine species in spite of their rapid diversification. Collectively, these results suggest that strong diversification rate differences are unlikely to explain the freshwater paradox. Instead, this pattern may be attributable to the comparable amount of time spent in riverine and marine habitats over the 200‐million‐year history of teleosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

Miller

2021

Evolution

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“…Furthermore, there has been little consensus regarding the relative timing of shifts in lineage, phenotypic, and niche diversification rates. While some studies have documented close associations between the timing of lineage diversification rates and rates of phenotypic (e.g., Rabosky et al 2013;García-Navas et al 2018) and niche (e.g., Kozak & Wiens, 2010;Title & Burns, 2015) evolution, many others report a lack of association, or a decoupling of diversification rates (e.g., Adams et al 2009;Folk et al 2018;Testo & Sundue, 2018;Crouch & Ricklefs, 2019;Boucher et al 2020). This, coupled with mixed support for the ecological opportunity hypothesis at all in continental-or global-scale radiations (e.g., Liedtke et al 2016;Maestri et al 2017;Folk et al 2018;García-Navas et al 2018), makes it unclear whether there is any general relationship between lineage, phenotypic, and niche diversification dynamics in rapidly radiating clades, especially with respect to the relative timing of rate shifts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asynchronous rates of lineage, phenotype, and niche diversification in a continental-scale adaptive radiation

Stone

2021

Preprint

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Rapidly diversifying clades are central to the study of diversification dynamics. This central importance is perhaps most apparent when rapid evolution occurs across several axes of diversification (e.g., lineage, phenotype, and niche); such clades facilitate investigations into the interplay between adaptive and non-adaptive diversification mechanisms. Yet, empirical evidence from rapidly evolving clades remains unclear about the relationships, if any, across diversification axes. This is especially apparent regarding the timing of diversification rate shifts. We address this knowledge gap through comparisons of the rate and timing of lineage, phenotypic, and niche diversification in Penstemon, a rapidly-evolving angiosperm genus. We find that diversification rate shifts in Penstemon are asynchronous; while we identify a burst and subsequent slowdown in lineage diversification rate ~2.0-2.5 MYA, shifts in phenotypic and niche diversification rates either lagged behind temporally or did not occur at all. We posit that this asynchronicity in diversification rate shifts is the result of initial niche-neutral diversification followed by adaptive, density-dependent processes. Our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that asynchronous shifts in diversification rates may be common and question the applicability of expectations for diversification dynamics across disparate empirical systems.

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“…The fine-scale fragmentation of rivers might allow allopatric populations to complete the speciation process without being outcompeted by congeners or reabsorbed through hybridization (Germain et al 2020), thus allowing the accumulation of many species over a relatively small spatial scale compared to other habitats. The density of speciation events in space can be decoupled from the frequency of events over time (Boucher et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

Miller

2020

Preprint

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19The diversity of species inhabiting freshwater relative to marine habitats is striking, given that 20 freshwater habitats make up less than 1% of Earth's water. The most commonly proposed 21 mechanism for this pattern is that freshwater habitats are more fragmented than marine habitats, 22 resulting in increased opportunities for allopatric speciation in freshwater and thus increased 23 speciation rates relative to marine habitats. However, some authors suggest that speciation is 24 faster in sympatry than allopatry, as illustrated by lacustrine radiations such as African cichlids. 25 Sympatric speciation may be common in lakes, while allopatric speciation may be dominant in 26 rivers. If allopatric speciation is inherently slower than sympatric speciation, we might expect 27 differences in rates of speciation between lineages primarily confined to riverine versus 28 lacustrine habitats. These differences within freshwater habitats may be important to consider 29 when comparing diversification rates between freshwater and marine lineages. Here I compared 30 rates of speciation associated with ray-finned fishes in marine, riverine and lacustrine habitats. I 31 also used geographic range data to compare rates of speciation associated with allopatric and 32 sympatric speciation modes in freshwater fishes. I found that lakes had faster rates of speciation 33 than other aquatic habitats. However, most freshwater fish diversity arose through allopatric 34 speciation in rivers, despite their slower speciation rate. Speciation rates were more strongly 35 correlated with habitat (riverine or lacustrine) than present-day range overlap (allopatry or 36 sympatry). Surprisingly, riverine and marine habitats had similar rates of speciation. Models of 37 evolution suggest that lacustrine habitats are evolutionary unstable, and biased transition rates 38 explain the dearth of lacustrine species. Collectively, these results suggest that while allopatric 39 speciation is important for generating freshwater diversity, this mechanism may not be the cause 40 of faster speciation rates between freshwater and marine habitats. 41 3 KEY WORDS 42 43 Fishes, allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, speciation rates, lacustrine radiations, 44 diversification 45 46 47 48 49 50

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Diversification rate vs. diversification density: Decoupled consequences of plant height for diversification of Alooideae in time and space

Cited by 12 publications

References 83 publications

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

Asynchronous rates of lineage, phenotype, and niche diversification in a continental-scale adaptive radiation

Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea

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