Diversiform Etiologies for Post-stroke Depression

Abstract

After the onset of stroke, many patients suffer from emotional behavior changes. Approximately, one-third of stroke survivors are affected by post-stroke depression (PSD), making it a serious social and public health problem. Post-stroke depression (PSD) has an important impact on the course, recovery, and prognosis of stroke. The pathogenesis of PSD is very complex, involving many factors such as biological mechanism and social psychological mechanisms. This article provides a brief review of the hot issues related to etiologies of PSD.

Is perceived social support more important than visual acuity for clinical depression and anxiety in patients with age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy?

“…20 A deterioration in social functioning, including loneliness, and poor perceived social support, is commonly found in patients with disabling medical conditions such as vision loss, 21,22 amputation, 23,24 stroke, 25,26 and spinal cord injury, 27 and has been associated with clinical depression and anxiety. 7,8,[23][24][25][26][27][28] Furthermore, previous studies with these patient groups have highlighted that depression and anxiety can be consequence of patients' experiences of disability, particularly limitations experienced when performing activities of daily living independently. 9,11,24,26 Intriguingly, our study findings do not corroborate the previous idea that depression and anxiety are triggered by disability and poor functioning.…”

Poststroke depression and risk of recurrent stroke

“…[33] The pathogenesis of PSD involves biological and social psychological factors, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis abnormalities, monoamine neurotransmitter change, immunological changes, inflammation, and genetic variants. [34,35] Therefore, management of stroke patients will increasingly require a comprehensive assessment of both laboratory and clinical factors, which would help to improve clinical decision-making and outcome prognostication.…”

Anxiety-Depressive Disorders in Patients After Stroke: Prevalence, Approaches to Diagnosis and Therapy

“…Роль возраста как фактора риска развития тревожно-депрессивных расстройств после инсульта рассматривается неоднозначно. В ряде работ показано, что тревожно-депрессивные нарушения более выражены в пожилом возрасте [21]. Другие авторы сообщают, что в острой стадии инсульта тревожно-депрессивные нарушения, напротив, чаще отмечаются у молодых пациентов [22].…”

“…Предположительно, мужчины психологически хуже адаптируются к утрате трудоспособности, что приводит к более выраженным эмоциональным нарушениям [22,23]. К депрессии после инсульта предрасполагают некоторые особенности семейного положения, а именно вдовство, развод или одинокий образ жизни [21]. Достоверно чаще тревожно-депрессивная симптоматика наблюдается при определенных преморбидных личностных характеристиках, таких как эмоциональная лабильность, склонность к интроверсии и пессимистические взгляды на жизнь [24][25][26].…”