Diversity and distribution of sodium channel mutations inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

There is growing interest in insecticide resistance in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), as its potential for spreading diseases is increasing as urbanization and control efforts intensify. Here we review the presence and diversity of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene associated with pyrethroid resistance and report on additional surveys of these mutations in new populations with an analysis of their spread. The known diversity of these mutations has increased in recent years including the identification of 26 non-synonymous mutations, although phenotypic data associating mutations with resistance remain limited. We provide data on mutations in several new locations including those in Timor Leste, Indonesia, and Vanuatu. We use population genomic data from ddRAD analyses of target populations with the 1534C mutation to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the mutant to test for clustering of SNPs based on the presence of the 1534C mutation rather than population origin. Our findings suggest spread of resistance alleles via genetic invasion, which is further supported by patterns from a genome-wide principal components analysis. These data point to movement of resistance alleles across wide areas with likely impacts on local control options.

Global, asynchronous partial sweeps at multiple insecticide resistance genes inAedesmosquitoes

“…Additional samples Ae. albopictus would potentially allow for similar analyses of the V1016G mutation which has been recorded recently in this species 23 but was not detected in any of our samples.…”

“…F 3 statistics test whether one population has been produced from the admixture of two others, and are particularly powerful for detecting recent admixture events that involve equal proportions from each population 37 , though may be underpowered for reduced representation data 38 . F 3 tests were statistically significant for admixture in North Fly Region, sourced from any of the other PNG populations and either the Torres Strait Islands or any Indonesian population (−3.95 × 10 - 4 < All F 3 < -1.30 × 10 - 3 , 0.031 > All Bonferroni P-values > 1 x 10 -23 ). The most statistically probable pair of source populations were Bali, Indonesia and Madang, PNG.…”

“…V1016G has also recently been reported in Ae. albopictus 23 . F1534C and V1016G confer strong resistance to Type I pyrethroid insecticides (e.g., permethrin), while V1016G also resists Type II pyrethroids (e.g., deltamethrin) 3 .…”

Metabolic Resistance and Not Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene Mutation Is Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from Cambodia

“…albopictus population from Singapore in 2011 [35], kdr mutation detection in Ae. albopictus has been implemented in other countries [36]. Mutation at the 410, 989, 1016, 1520, and 1534 amino acid positions in domains I, II, and III of the VGSC were detected in Asia in Ae.…”

“…Mutation at the 410, 989, 1016, 1520, and 1534 amino acid positions in domains I, II, and III of the VGSC were detected in Asia in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from China, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam [30,[36][37][38].…”