The Longjaw Mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis, Gobiidae) has been studied extensively for its ability to occupy low oxygen environments, yet few studies have addressed the evolution of its exceptionally elongate jaws that in large adults extend posteriorly beyond the gill opening. In this study, the ontogeny of the maxillae of G. mirabilis, Gillichthys seta, and the outgroup species Eucyclogobius newberryi were studied within the heterochrony framework using digitized landmarks and caliper measurements. The results show the maxilla of both species of Gillichthys evolved via acceleration (increased growth rate) and that of G. mirabilis via hypermorphosis (continued growth to a larger body size), two forms of peramorphosis. This is in contrast to earlier studies that concluded that G. seta is paedomorphic. We were unable to confirm an earlier hypothesis of sexual dimorphism in jaw length of G. mirabilis. The evolution of the elongate jaws and associated large buccopharyngeal membrane in G. mirabilis is hypothesized to increase the surface area for gas exchange during aerial respiration and may also serve to amplify the aggressive gaping display as observed in other fishes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.