Diversity and Genetic Basis of Polysaccharide Biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae

Sozhamannan, Shanmuga; Yildiz, Fitnat H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-265-0_8

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…, lag phase changes) [97, 98]. Research with V. cholerae verifies alternate carbon sources can be incorporated or substituted into the composition of a biofilm to access new ecological niches [99, 100]. Intriguingly, bioluminescence ( i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Diversification of Vibrio fischeri Serially Passaged for 500 Generations in Novel Squid Host Euprymna tasmanica

2014

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Vibrio fischeri isolated from Euprymna scolopes (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) was used to create twenty-four lines that were serially passaged through the non-native host E. tasmanica for 500 generations. These derived lines were characterized for biofilm formation, swarming motility, carbon source utilization, and in vitro bioluminescence. Phenotypic assays were compared between “ES” (E. scolopes) and “ET” (E. tasmanica) V. fischeri wild isolates to determine if convergent evolution was apparent between E. tasmanica evolved lines and ET V. fischeri. Ecological diversification was observed in utilization of most carbon sources examined. Convergent evolution was evident in motility, biofilm formation, and select carbon sources displaying hyperpolymorphic usage in V. fischeri. Convergence in bioluminescence (a 2.5-fold increase in brightness) was collectively evident in the derived lines relative to the ancestor. However, dramatic changes in other properties—time points and cell densities of first light emission and maximal light output and emergence of a lag phase in growth curves of derived lines suggest increased light intensity per se was not the only important factor. Convergent evolution implies gnotobiotic squid light organs subject colonizing V. fischeri to similar selection pressures. Adaptation to novel hosts appears to involve flexible microbial metabolism, establishment of biofilm and swarmer V. fischeri ecotypes, and complex changes in bioluminescence. Our data demonstrate numerous alternate fitness optima or peaks are available to V. fischeri in host adaptive landscapes, where novel host squids serve as habitat islands. Thus, V. fischeri founder flushes occur during the initiation of light organ colonization that ultimately trigger founder effect diversification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Diversification of Vibrio fischeri Serially Passaged for 500 Generations in Novel Squid Host Euprymna tasmanica

2014

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“…The genera Vibrio and Photobacterium include opportunistic pathogens capable of infecting marine animals and humans, and are able to enter preexisting wounds or body openings of especially susceptible hosts that are already ill, stressed, fatigued, or immunocompromised ( Urbanczyk et al, 2011 ). Given the heightened ability of Vibrionaceae to cement themselves to eukaryotic cells through peptide and polysaccharide modification of their exopolysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, and capsules ( Sozhamannan and Yildiz, 2011 ), the lack of additional human pathogens is curious. Perhaps the reason is foreign extracellular protein and polysaccharide are the same materials the mammalian immune system specifically targets, neutralizes, and removes as non-self antigens with exquisite capacity ( Owen et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: The Vibrionaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial experimental evolution as a novel research approach in the Vibrionaceae and squid-Vibrio symbiosis

Soto

Nishiguchi

2014

Front. Microbiol.

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The Vibrionaceae are a genetically and metabolically diverse family living in aquatic habitats with a great propensity toward developing interactions with eukaryotic microbial and multicellular hosts (as either commensals, pathogens, and mutualists). The Vibrionaceae frequently possess a life history cycle where bacteria are attached to a host in one phase and then another where they are free from their host as either part of the bacterioplankton or adhered to solid substrates such as marine sediment, riverbeds, lakebeds, or floating particulate debris. These two stages in their life history exert quite distinct and separate selection pressures. When bound to solid substrates or to host cells, the Vibrionaceae can also exist as complex biofilms. The association between bioluminescent Vibrio spp. and sepiolid squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) is an experimentally tractable model to study bacteria and animal host interactions, since the symbionts and squid hosts can be maintained in the laboratory independently of one another. The bacteria can be grown in pure culture and the squid hosts raised gnotobiotically with sterile light organs. The partnership between free-living Vibrio symbionts and axenic squid hatchlings emerging from eggs must be renewed every generation of the cephalopod host. Thus, symbiotic bacteria and animal host can each be studied alone and together in union. Despite virtues provided by the Vibrionaceae and sepiolid squid-Vibrio symbiosis, these assets to evolutionary biology have yet to be fully utilized for microbial experimental evolution. Experimental evolution studies already completed are reviewed, along with exploratory topics for future study.

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“…V. cholerae O139 Bengal, a novel pathogen that emerged in late 1992, has remained endemic in South Asia [8]. There is overwhelming genetic evidence supporting the hypothesis that the O139 serogroup emerged from an O1 El Tor strain by horizontal transfer of the O-antigen gene cluster [9,10]. The evolution of V. cholerae , as a pathogen, is fairly well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of two Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal-specific Podovirusesto other N4-like phages reveal extensive genetic diversity

Fouts

Klumpp

Bishop‐Lilly

et al. 2013

Virol J

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BackgroundVibrio cholerae O139 Bengal is the only serogroup other than O1 implicated in cholera epidemics. We describe the isolation and characterization of an O139 serogroup-specific phage, vB_VchP_VchO139-I (ϕVchO139-I) that has similar host range and virion morphology as phage vB_VchP_JA1 (ϕJA1) described previously. We aimed at a complete molecular characterization of both phages and elucidation of their genetic and structural differences and assessment of their genetic relatedness to the N4-like phage group.MethodsHost-range analysis and plaque morphology screening were done for both ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I. Both phage genomes were sequenced by a 454 and Sanger hybrid approach. Genomes were annotated and protein homologies were determined by Blast and HHPred. Restriction profiles, PFGE patterns and data on the physical genome structure were acquired and phylogenetic analyses were performed.ResultsThe host specificity of ϕJA1 has been attributed to the unique capsular O-antigen produced by O139 strains. Plaque morphologies of the two phages were different; ϕVchO139-I produced a larger halo around the plaques than ϕJA1. Restriction profiles of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I genomes were also different. The genomes of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I consisted of linear double-stranded DNA of 71,252 and 70,938 base pairs. The presence of direct terminal repeats of around 1974 base pairs was demonstrated. Whole genome comparison revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms, small insertions/deletions and differences in gene content. Both genomes had 79 predicted protein encoding sequences, of which only 59 were identical between the two closely related phages. They also encoded one tRNA-Arg gene, an intein within the large terminase gene, and four homing endonuclease genes. Whole genome phylogenetic analyses of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I against other sequenced N4-like phages delineate three novel subgroups or clades within this phage family.ConclusionsThe closely related phages feature significant genetic differences, in spite of being morphologically identical. The phage morphology, genetic organization, genomic content and large terminase protein based phylogeny support the placement of these two phages in the Podoviridae family, more specifically within the N4-like phage group. The physical genome structure of ϕJA1 could be demonstrated experimentally. Our data pave the way for potential use of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I in Vibrio cholerae typing and control.

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Diversity and Genetic Basis of Polysaccharide Biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae

Cited by 8 publications

References 103 publications

Ecological Diversification of Vibrio fischeri Serially Passaged for 500 Generations in Novel Squid Host Euprymna tasmanica

Ecological Diversification of Vibrio fischeri Serially Passaged for 500 Generations in Novel Squid Host Euprymna tasmanica

Microbial experimental evolution as a novel research approach in the Vibrionaceae and squid-Vibrio symbiosis

Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of two Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal-specific Podovirusesto other N4-like phages reveal extensive genetic diversity

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