Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Suwanto A, Takarina ND, Koestoer RH, Frimawaty E. 2021. Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4115-4122. Indonesia has been recognized as the country with greatest diversity of mangrove species with significant amount of carbon sink and biomass. In few recent decades, mangrove forests have been deforested significantly. One of the solutions to deal with mangrove deforestation is through restoration. West Java north coasts are one of the areas that have experienced deforestation, however and mangrove restorations have been conducted mainly in Karawang and Subang coasts. Correspondingly this research aims to assess the mangrove diversity using index and biomass resulted from restoration program in those coasts. To assess the mangrove diversity in each coast on June 2021, 6 sampling stations containing 3 replicated sample plots of size 10 m × 10 m were located. In total 8 species with 1549 trees were been sampled. In Subang the order of mangrove species from common to less-common species were Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Acanthus ilicifolius > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. While the order in Karawang was Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Rhizophora apiculata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. The mangrove diversity (H)’ was significantly different (p = 0.000, F = 2.216) with diversity in Subang Coast (average H' = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.15-1.5) was higher than in Karawang (average H’ = 1.063, 95%CI: 0.934-1.2). Estimated restored mangrove covers in Subang were 3.612 km2 and 0.46 km2 in Karawang. R. mucronata was mangrove species that has the highest biomass with the value of 1337.91 mg ha-1 and the lowest was A. marina with value of 14.3 mg ha-1. The results suggest that restoration areas in Subang and Karawang have significant contributions to maintain mangrove diversity, biomass, and covers.

Komposisi dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Vegetasi Mangrove Hasil Rehabilitasi di Desa Silo Baru, Sumatera Utara

“…Keberlangsungan dari jenis ini diperkirakan masih akan terus berlanjut, jika dilihat dari regenerasinya yang mengisi setiap fase pertumbuhan tanaman mangrove di lokasi ini. Hal ini dikarenakan tingkat adaptasi yang tinggi dari A. marina terhadap perairan dengan kondisi ekstrim, antara lain salinitas tinggi dan kondisi substrat berlumpur, serta sistem perakaran yang unik yang disebut pneumatophore (Suwanto et al, 2021).…”

“…Hal ini dikarenakan kegiatan rehabilitasi mangrove di negaranegara Asia Tenggara terutama difokuskan pada penanaman satu atau dua spesies, khususnya Rhizophora atau red mangrove (Malik et al, 2019;Harefa et al, 2022). Jenis Rhizophora lebih disukai karena kemampuan spesies ini untuk melindungi daerah pesisir dari erosi, gelombang tinggi, dan badai, serta bibitnya mudah dikumpulkan di sekitar areal restorasi (Malik et al, 2020;Suwanto et al, 2021). Selain itu, pemilihan jenis R. mucronata sebagai jenis yang ditanam pada awal kegiatan rehabilitasi karena jenis ini memiliki akar berbentuk batang (akar tunggang) yang cocok untuk ditanam di tanah berlumpur yang kurang stabil (Eddy et al, 2019).…”

“…Komposisi dan keanekaragaman jenis mangrove hasil rehabilitasi di Desa Silo Baru belum seluruhnya terdokumentasi dengan baik. Kajian mengenai komposisi dan keanekaragaman jenis mangrove sudah banyak dilakukan baik di lokasi yang terdegradasi, kawasan hutan lindung, hutan mangrove hasil restorasi, maupun wilayah hutan mangrove hasil rehabilitasi (Eddy et al, 2019;Yuliana et al, 2019;Suwanto et al, 2021;Hapsari et al, 2022). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji komposisi dan keanekaragaman jenis vegetasi mangrove hasil rehabilitasi di Desa Silo Baru, Sumatera Utara.…”

Mangrove forest utilization policies reconceptualized with a view to improving the regional economy in Aceh Tamiang District, Indonesia

“…Mangroves are one of the important biological resources for Indonesia's coastal areas and are present in almost all coastal areas in the Indonesian Archipelago, ranging from Sumatra in the West to Papua Islands in the East. Indonesia alone comprises one-fifth of the global total mangrove area (Leal and Spalding 2022) and has 47 true mangrove species, representing a higher species diversity than any other country in the world (Suwanto et al 2021).…”

Aboveground biomass and carbon stock of Rhizophora apiculata forest in Ca Mau, Vietnam

“…These studies used a lot of different methods to estimate biomass. Many authors confirmed that the aboveground tree biomass was highly dependent on the stem diameter (D1.3) and proposed a onefactor correlation function of ln(AGB) = c + α ln (DBH) (Zhang et al 2013;Zianis and Mencuccini 2004;Suwanto et al 2021). Some authors affirmed that to obtain better results, the estimate of the aboveground biomass should also take into account the tree height (Hvn).…”