Diversity, endemism, and composition of tropical mountain forest communities in Sulawesi, Indonesia, in relation to elevation and soil properties

Brambach, Fabian; Leuschner, Christoph; Tjoa, Aiyen; Culmsee, Heike

doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2017.06.003

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Notably, conifers with Asian affinities (Pinaceae) were common in mountains of Borneo until the Miocene, but Podocarpaceae apparently replaced them afterwards (Muller, ). In upper montane forest throughout Malesia, podocarps are often extremely dominant, although not particularly species‐rich (Aiba et al, ; Brambach, Leuschner, Tjoa, & Culmsee, ). An exception is Java with its seasonal climate, where far fewer of the particularly drought‐sensitive southern conifers occur (van Welzen et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominant colonization of Malesian mountains by Australian tree lineages

Brambach

Leuschner

Tjoa

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Massive biota mixing due to plate‐tectonic movement has shaped the biogeography of Malesia and during the colonization process, Asian plant lineages have presumably been more successful than their Australian counterparts. We aim to gain a deeper understanding of this colonization asymmetry and its underlying mechanisms by analysing how species richness and abundance of Asian versus Australian tree lineages in three Malesian subregions change along environmental gradients. We hypothesize that differing environmental histories of Asia and Australia, and their relation to habitats in Malesia, have been important factors driving assembly patterns of the Malesian flora. Location Malesia, particularly Sundaland, the Philippines and Wallacea. Taxon Seed plants (trees). Methods We compiled plot‐level data of environmental variables and tree abundances from three Malesian subregions. For each species, we inferred its geographical ancestry (Asian or Australian) based on published phylogenetic studies and the fossil record. We used proportions of Australian versus Asian species and individuals per plot to test how they are related to environmental parameters and geographical position using logistic regression models. Results Proportionally more Australian (and fewer Asian) tree species and individuals occurred (a) at higher elevations, (b) on sites over ultramafic parent material and (c) closer to their source region Australia with a significant increase of Australian elements east of Wallace's line. The trend was stronger for individuals than for species. Main conclusions Long‐term environmental similarities between source and sink habitats have shaped the assembly of the Malesian flora: Tree lineages from tropical Southeast Asia predominantly colonized the Malesian lowlands and rich soils, whereas trees from montane refuges in Australia were more successful in the newly emerging Malesian mountains and on poorer soils. The biogeographical patterns caused by the Malesian Floristic Interchange point to the importance of phylogenetic biome conservatism in biotic interchanges and resemble those resulting from the Great American Biotic Interchange in the Neotropics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominant colonization of Malesian mountains by Australian tree lineages

Brambach

Leuschner

Tjoa

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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“…We inventoried all woody plants rooted within the transect and with a diameter at breast height ≥2 cm and recorded species identities (Schrader, Moeljono, Keppel, & Kreft, ). A diameter at breast high ≥2 cm is commonly used as threshold in tropical transects (Brambach, Leuschner, Tjoa, & Culmsee, ; Molino & Sabatier, ), and we expected species ≥2 cm to be well established in the community and to not reflect spontaneous shifts in species composition. We evaluated the potential effect of undersampling by estimating species richness using the Chao 1 method implemented in the R package iNEXT (Hsieh, Ma, & Chao, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements of plant species are linked to area and determine species pool and richness on small islands

Schrader

König

Moeljono

et al. 2019

J Vegetation Science

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Questions:Small islands are outstanding model systems to study community assembly. Due to harsher environmental conditions on smaller islands compared to larger ones, environmental filtering may preclude some species, potentially resulting in island size-dependent species pools. We tested whether the species pool size follows a similar species-area relationship as the observed richness. This can provide new insight into community assembly processes and the elusive small-island effect (SIE), which states that species richness on smaller islands is less dependent on area than on larger islands.Location: Raja Ampat Archipelago, Indonesia. Methods:We studied the woody vegetation on sixty small islands ranging from 3 m 2 to 11,806 m 2 . For each recorded species, we estimated its area requirements and compared them against random colonization models. We developed a novel method to calculate probabilistic species pools for each island. We compared different species-area models for observed species richness and our index of species pool size to test whether the SIE results from differences in species pool size. Results:We found that most species were restricted to islands significantly larger than expected from random colonization. The occurrence probability of all species increased with island size, indicating a lack of species that are specialized to the conditions on small islands. We found a SIE in observed species richness, but not in species pool size. Conclusion:Woody plants in the studied island system have specific requirements that are linked to island area and determine island-specific species pools. Lower community completeness on smaller islands compared to larger ones indicated that the SIE is shaped by local limiting processes that have no impact on the species pool, but control how much of it is realized on an island. Together, these results clearly indicate non-random plant community assembly on small islands. K E Y W O R D S community completeness, dark diversity, null model, occurrence probability, small-island effect, species pool, species richness, species-area relationship 600 | Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. Appendix S1. Species-area relationships of observed and estimated species richness for the studied islands Appendix S2. Relative importance of six explanatory variables explaining observed species richness on the studied islands Appendix S3. Island characteristics of the studied islands Appendix S4. Empirical and simulated species occurrence probabilities for all species on the studied islands Appendix S5. Model support for three species-area relationship models for the species pool size and the observed species richness How to cite this article: Schrader J, König C, Moeljono S, Pärtel M, Kreft H. Requirements of plant species are linked to area and determine species pool and richness on small islands. J Veg Sci. 2019;30:599-609. https ://doi.

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“…Sm., which thrives exclusively in the tropical forests of the Malay Archipelago, the Admiralty Islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands 1 , 2 . This region is not only home to some of most spectacular and species-rich tropical forest ecosystems 3 , 4 , but is also known as the habitat of the four extant members of the once widespread and diverse fern family Matoniaceae, which is believed to have had a near-global distribution in the Mesozoic era 5 . However, the Malesian region, as we know it today, has been formed relatively recently, during the Miocene, as a result of the collision of the North Australian Craton with Southeast Asia 6 , 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fossil species of the enigmatic early polypod fern genus Cystodium (Cystodiaceae) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar

Regalado

Schmidt

Appelhans

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The monospecific fern genus Cystodium (Cystodiaceae; Polypodiales) occurs exclusively in the tropical forests of the Malay Archipelago, the Admiralty Islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Divergence time estimates suggest that the genus originated in the Mesozoic; however, fossil evidence to validate this suggestion has been lacking. Amber from Myanmar (Burmese amber) is an important source of new information on the diversity of vascular cryptogams in the Cretaceous. This paper describes the fossil taxon Cystodium sorbifolioides nov. sp. based on a fragment of a fertile leaf preserved in Burmese amber that represents the first fossil evidence of the family Cystodiaceae. Cystodium sorbifolioides is used to obtain a minimum age estimate for the Cystodiaceae and the closely related, monogeneric Lonchitidaceae and Lindsaeaceae. The fossil strengthens the hypothesis that the forest ecosystems of Malesia and Melanesia represent refugia for many tropical plant lineages that originated in the Cretaceous.

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Diversity, endemism, and composition of tropical mountain forest communities in Sulawesi, Indonesia, in relation to elevation and soil properties

Cited by 30 publications

References 69 publications

Predominant colonization of Malesian mountains by Australian tree lineages

Predominant colonization of Malesian mountains by Australian tree lineages

Requirements of plant species are linked to area and determine species pool and richness on small islands

A fossil species of the enigmatic early polypod fern genus Cystodium (Cystodiaceae) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar

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