Diversity evaluation based on morphological, physiological and isozyme variation in genetic resources of garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i> L.) collected worldwide

Abstract

The aim of this study was to obtain primary information about the global diversity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by evaluating morphological, physiological and isozyme variation. A total of 107 garlic accessions collected worldwide were grown in Yamaguchi, Japan. Five morphological traits (bulb weight, bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb, number of bulbils and scape length) and one physiological trait (bolting period) of the collected garlic showed wide variation. Meanwhile, a total of 140 garlic accessions, including the 107 mentioned above, were characterized by leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) isozyme analyses; they clearly showed polymorphisms in putative isozyme loci (Lap-1, Lap-2 and Pgi-1). Allelic frequencies were estimated in each group of accessions categorized by their geographical origin, and the observed (H o ) and expected (H e ) heterozygosities were calculated. The allelic frequencies differed between groups. A principal component analysis based on morpho-physiological data indicated a grouping of the garlic accessions into Central Asian and Northern Mediterranean groups as well as others. We discuss the roles of artificial and natural selection that may have caused differentiation in these traits, on the assumption that ancestral domesticated garlic populations have adapted in various regions using standing variation or mutations that accumulated during expansion, and have evolved along with human-preferred traits over a long history of cultivation.

Introducing of some species of genus Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum from Iran as new sources of allicin

“…The average of aerial part fresh mass per plant in these populations ranged from 0.49 g in Ghabre Oros (A. elburzense) to 1.66 g in Ghalelan population (A. subakaka) (Figure 2). Variation in morphological parameters between species, populations and genotypes of Alliums is supported by previous literatures (Panthee et al, 2006;Karpaviciene, 2012;Khosa et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014;Shiga et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2015;Hirata et al, 2016;Jafari et al, 2017).…”

Variability in Bulb Organosulfur Compounds, Sugars, Phenolics, and Pyruvate among Greek Garlic Genotypes: Association with Antioxidant Properties

“…Garlic is a completely sterile diploid species, which has been clonally propagated for centuries [ 9 ]. Over time, cultivated garlic clones or clonal lineages have been established through domestication in several cultivation centers.…”

“…Over time, cultivated garlic clones or clonal lineages have been established through domestication in several cultivation centers. These distinct genotypes have gained adaptation to different agroclimatic conditions and various ecotypes, exhibiting large-scale phenotypic diversity and variation in several traits [ 9 ]. Variation among garlic genotypes is the basis for breeding new varieties with superior traits.…”

Genetic diversity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) germplasm from China by fluorescent‐based AFLP, SSR and InDel markers

“…, Havey and Ahn , Hirata et al. ). Recently, SSRs were developed based on transcriptome sequences and successfully used to assess the diversity of garlic germplasm (Ma et al.…”

“…Due to the limited genome information available for garlic, AFLP, ISSR and SSR markers are most applicable to analysis of garlic diversity. To eliminate some of these complications, isozyme, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and insertion-deletion (InDel) markers have been utilized to reveal genetic diversity in garlic germplasm (Al-Zahim et al 1997, 1999, Ipek et al 2003, Lampasona et al 2003, Jabbes et al 2011, Ovesn a et al 2015, Havey and Ahn 2016, Hirata et al 2016. Recently, SSRs were developed based on transcriptome sequences and successfully used to assess the diversity of garlic germplasm (Ma et al 2009, Zhao et al 2011).…”