Diversity in plant cell walls.

Harris, Philip J.; Henry, Robert J

doi:10.1079/9780851999043.0201

Cited by 65 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…The presence of fucosylated XyGs in Nicotiana pollen grains and tubes was consistent with the immunofluorescence labelling pattern seen with the monoclonal antibody CCRC-M1, which binds terminal Fuc residues linked α-(1,2)- to a galactosyl residue, the epitope found in the F side chain of XyG [42,43] and with other studies of Arabidopsis pollen grains and pollen tubes where fucosylated XyGs are also found [38,43]. However, although XXFG and XLFG are XyG structures found in many dicot cell walls (e.g., see 44), fucoslyated XyGs are not expected in a solanaceous plant like Nicotiana , where previous studies of the XyGs in vegetative tissues have found less Xyl substitution (a XXGG core structure instead of the more usual XXXG) and no Fuc residues [45,46]. Instead of Fuc, the XyG side chains in the Solanaceae have Ara residues attached to some of the Xyl [45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, although XXFG and XLFG are XyG structures found in many dicot cell walls (e.g., see 44), fucoslyated XyGs are not expected in a solanaceous plant like Nicotiana , where previous studies of the XyGs in vegetative tissues have found less Xyl substitution (a XXGG core structure instead of the more usual XXXG) and no Fuc residues [45,46]. Instead of Fuc, the XyG side chains in the Solanaceae have Ara residues attached to some of the Xyl [45]. The major XyG structures expected in Nicotiana are thus XSGG (where S is Ara-(1,3) Xyl) and XXGG [10,47], neither of which was found in pollen grains and tubes (Figure 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro Grown Pollen Tubes of Nicotiana alata Actively Synthesise a Fucosylated Xyloglucan

et al. 2013

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Nicotiana alata pollen tubes are a widely used model for studies of polarized tip growth and cell wall synthesis in plants. To better understand these processes, RNA-Seq and de novo assembly methods were used to produce a transcriptome of N. alata pollen grains. Notable in the reconstructed transcriptome were sequences encoding proteins that are involved in the synthesis and remodelling of xyloglucan, a cell wall polysaccharide previously not thought to be deposited in Nicotiana pollen tube walls. Expression of several xyloglucan-related genes in actively growing pollen tubes was confirmed and xyloglucan epitopes were detected in the wall with carbohydrate-specific antibodies: the major xyloglucan oligosaccharides found in N. alata pollen grains and tubes were fucosylated, an unusual structure for the Solanaceae, the family to which Nicotiana belongs. Finally, carbohydrate linkages consistent with xyloglucan were identified chemically in the walls of N. alata pollen grains and pollen tubes grown in culture. The presence of a fucosylated xyloglucan in Nicotiana pollen tube walls was thus confirmed. The consequences of this discovery to models of pollen tube growth dynamics and more generally to polarised tip-growing cells in plants are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Grown Pollen Tubes of Nicotiana alata Actively Synthesise a Fucosylated Xyloglucan

et al. 2013

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“…In order to select the appropriate specificity of enzymes required for biomass degradation, we briefly summarize the occurrence of ferulic and hydroxycinnamic acids in the different types of plant biomass. A variety of hydroxycinnamic acids are present in the plant cell walls (up to 3% of cell wall dry weight), usually esterified or etherified to the polymers within the lignocellulosic matrix [14, 15]. Ferulic acid (ferulate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, mainly trans - or E -form; Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, up to now there is still no identification of which polysaccharides ferulic acid is linked to in gymnosperms [14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of fungal feruloyl esterases: updated phylogenetic classification, properties, and industrial applications

Dilokpimol

Mäkelä

Pontes

et al. 2016

Biotechnol Biofuels

140

166

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Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) represent a diverse group of carboxyl esterases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds between ferulic (hydroxycinnamic) acid and plant cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, FAEs act as accessory enzymes to assist xylanolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in gaining access to their site of action during biomass conversion. Their ability to release ferulic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acids from plant biomass makes FAEs potential biocatalysts in a wide variety of applications such as in biofuel, food and feed, pulp and paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This review provides an updated overview of the knowledge on fungal FAEs, in particular describing their role in plant biomass degradation, diversity of their biochemical properties and substrate specificities, their regulation and conditions needed for their induction. Furthermore, the discovery of new FAEs using genome mining and phylogenetic analysis of current publicly accessible fungal genomes will also be presented. This has led to a new subfamily classification of fungal FAEs that takes into account both phylogeny and substrate specificity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0651-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The composition of the matrix varies depending on the cell type, stage of development and plant taxon [7, 8]. Much of what is known about the compositions of mature primary cell walls of eudicotyledons comes frequently from cell-wall preparations derived mostly from parenchyma cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polysaccharide compositions of collenchyma cell walls from celery (Apium graveolens L.) petioles

et al. 2017

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BackgroundCollenchyma serves as a mechanical support tissue for many herbaceous plants. Previous work based on solid-state NMR and immunomicroscopy suggested collenchyma cell walls (CWs) may have similar polysaccharide compositions to those commonly found in eudicotyledon parenchyma walls, but no detailed chemical analysis was available. In this study, compositions and structures of cell wall polysaccharides of peripheral collenchyma from celery petioles were investigated.ResultsThis is the first detailed investigation of the cell wall composition of collenchyma from any plant. Celery petioles were found to elongate throughout their length during early growth, but as they matured elongation was increasingly confined to the upper region, until elongation ceased. Mature, fully elongated, petioles were divided into three equal segments, upper, middle and lower, and peripheral collenchyma strands isolated from each. Cell walls (CWs) were prepared from the strands, which also yielded a HEPES buffer soluble fraction. The CWs were sequentially extracted with CDTA, Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. Monosaccharide compositions of the CWs showed that pectin was the most abundant polysaccharide [with homogalacturonan (HG) more abundant than rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)], followed by cellulose, and other polysaccharides, mainly xyloglucans, with smaller amounts of heteroxylans and heteromannans. CWs from different segments had similar compositions, but those from the upper segments had slightly more pectin than those from the lower two segments. Further, the pectin in the CWs of the upper segment had a higher degree of methyl esterification than the other segments. In addition to the anticipated water-soluble pectins, the HEPES-soluble fractions surprisingly contained large amounts of heteroxylans. The CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions were rich in HG and RG-I, the 1 M KOH fraction had abundant heteroxylans, the 4 M KOH fraction was rich in xyloglucan and heteromannans, and cellulose was predominant in the final residue. The structures of the xyloglucans, heteroxylans and heteromannans were deduced from the linkage analysis and were similar to those present in most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. Cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy showed no apparent difference in the rigid and semi-rigid polysaccharides in the CWs of the three segments. Single-pulse excitation with magic-angle spinning (SPE/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, which detects highly mobile polysaccharides, showed the presence of arabinan, the detailed structure of which varied among the cell walls from the three segments.ConclusionsCelery collenchyma CWs have similar polysaccharide compositions to most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. However, celery collenchyma CWs have much higher XG content than celery parenchyma CWs. The degree of methyl esterification of pectin and the structures of the arabinan side chains of RG-I show some variation in the collenchyma CWs from the different segments. Unexpectedly, the HEPES-soluble f...

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Diversity in plant cell walls.

Abstract: This chapter compares the components and structures of dicotyledon cell walls, monocotyledon cell walls, Peridophyte cell walls and gymnosperm cell walls. The evolution of cell walls is described.

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

In Vitro Grown Pollen Tubes of Nicotiana alata Actively Synthesise a Fucosylated Xyloglucan

In Vitro Grown Pollen Tubes of Nicotiana alata Actively Synthesise a Fucosylated Xyloglucan

Diversity of fungal feruloyl esterases: updated phylogenetic classification, properties, and industrial applications

Polysaccharide compositions of collenchyma cell walls from celery (Apium graveolens L.) petioles

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