Diversity of 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol-Degrading Bacteria in a Waste Water Sample

Abstract

Eighteen bacterial strains, isolated from a waste water sample collected from a chemically contaminated site, Patancheru (17°32′N 78°16′E/17.53°N 78.27°E), India, were able to decolorize 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) in the presence of an additional carbon source. These eighteen 4C2NP-decolorizing strains have been identified as members of four different genera, includingBacillus,Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, andLeuconostocbased on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Most of the bacteria (10) belonged to the genusBacillusand contributed 56% of the total 4C2NP-degrading bacteria, whereas the members of generaPaenibacillusandPseudomonasrepresented 22% and 17%, respectively, of total 4C2NP-degrading isolates. There was only one species ofLeuconostoccapable of degrading 4C2NP. This is the first report of the diversity of 4C2NP-decolorizing bacteria in a waste water sample. Furthermore, one bacterium,Bacillus aryabhattaistrain PC-7, was able to decolorize 4C2NP up to a concentration of 2.0 mM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 5-chloro-2-methylbenzoxazole as the final product of 4C2NP decolorization in strain PC-7.

Limited Bacterial Diversity within a Treatment Plant Receiving Antibiotic-Containing Waste from Bulk Drug Production

“…Previous studies on AS have shown bacterial families other than Alcaligenaceae and Pseudomonadaceae , to be dominant in aeration tanks of AS treatment [19, 32]. Although Alcaligenaceae and Pseudomonadaceae contain the genera Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas which are known to degrade a range of xenobiotics [35, 36, 37, 38], their dominance in aeration tanks is not in accordance with some earlier studies [12, 13, 14, 19, 32, 33]. In our previous culture-dependent study, we showed the presence of highly drug-resistant bacterial strains belonging to genera Pseudomonas , Alcaligenes , Advenella , Bordetella , and Castellaniella .…”

“…Low bacterial diversity in PETL is likely to be one of the factors behind this. In environments exposed over longer times to chemical stressors, such as in the highly contaminated environments in Patancheru, it is possible that the microbial diversity could be partly restored, either because bacteria gain the ability to tolerate or even utilize the contaminants, or because sensitive species replace tolerant ones, or a combination of both processes [6, 38, 42]. …”

Bacilli-Mediated Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds and Heavy Metals

“…Recently, ten bacterial strains belonging to Bacillus isolated from a wastewater sample showed decolorization of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol in the presence of glucose. One of a bacterium, identified as Bacillus aryabhattai strain PC-7 decolorized 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol up to a concentration of 2.0 mM and transformed it into 5-chloro-2-methylbenzoxazole (Arora et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Bacilli are considered as potential bioremediator agents, which are capable of degrading several toxic substances (Arora et al, 2016 ; Singh and Singh, 2016 ; Xiao et al, 2017 ). Earlier studies have also been reported degradation of various xenobiotic compounds and heavy metals by the members of genus Bacillus (Birolli et al, 2016 ; Upadhyay et al, 2017 ; Arora et al, 2018 ; Díez-Méndez et al, 2019 ).…”

Highly efficient degradation of pharmaceutical sludge by catalytic wet oxidation using CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 as a catalyst

“…Large volumes of pharmaceutical sludge are produced from pharmaceutical wastewater plants, and they pose containing high environmental risk because of the hazardous and refractory organic pollutants contained in the sludge [ 1 , 2 ]. In particular, pharmaceutical sludge contains relatively high levels of soluble organics, heavy metals, and recalcitrant antibiotics [ 3 , 4 ], such as benzylpenicillin [ 5 ], aureomycin [ 6 ], and berberine hydrochloride [ 7 ].…”